Table 3.
Comparison of cognitive outcomes (z-scores) between BAOD patients and healthy controls.
| Cognitive tests | Patients | Controls | p | Effect size |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mean (SD) | Mean (SD) | |||
| Digit Span | −0.10 (0.82) | 0.06 (0.68) | 0.417 | 0.013 |
| HVLT-R immediate recall | −0.47 (0.88) | 0.19 (0.61) | 0.002 ∗∗ | 0.178 |
| HVLT-R delayed recall | −0.91 (1.12) | −0.09 (0.76) | 0.003 ∗∗ | 0.159 |
| HVLT-R recognition | −0.58 (1.38) | −0.03 (0.72) | 0.055 | 0.070 |
| BVMT-R immediate recall | −0.29 (1.25) | 0.39 (0.71) | 0.018 ∗ | 0.106 |
| BVMT-R delayed recall | −0.47 (1.18) | 0.25 (0.78) | 0.012 ∗ | 0.117 |
| BVMT-R recognition | −0.33 (1.28) | 0.43 (0.47) | 0.005 ∗∗ | 0.146 |
|
| ||||
| BNT | 0.61 (1.21) | 1.07 (0.79) | 0.061 | 0.067 |
|
| ||||
| Phonemic Verbal Fluency | −0.46 (1.07) | −0.12 (0.91) | 0.227 | 0.030 |
| Category Fluency | −0.53 (0.97) | −0.02 (0.73) | 0.036 ∗ | 0.083 |
| MWCST | −1.01 (1.17) | −0.18 (0.84) | 0.002 ∗∗ | 0.181 |
|
| ||||
| Fragmented Letters | −0.90 (2.08) | −0.25 (0.92) | 0.137 | 0.046 |
| Position Discrimination | −1.93 (2.42) | −0.13 (0.94) | 0.001 ∗∗ | 0.198 |
|
| ||||
| SDMT | −2.24 (1.24) | −1.21 (1.11) | 0.001 ∗∗ | 0.204 |
| TMT Part A | −1.27 (2.79) | 0.25 (1.38) | 0.015 ∗ | 0.120 |
| TMT Part B | −1.76 (2.36) | −0.08 (1.00) | 0.002 ∗∗ | 0.202 |
| Stroop C | −0.66 (1.76) | 0.68 (0.72) | 0.001 ∗∗ | 0.212 |
Note. ∗ indicates p < 0.05 and ∗∗ indicate p < 0.01. Controls were matched with patients for age and education level.