Table 1.
The known functions of adrenergic receptors in cognition.
| Receptor | Subtype | Function in cognition | Localization of function |
|---|---|---|---|
| α1 | α1A | Improve spatial learning (Doze et al., 2011) | Hippocampus |
| α1B | Improve fear learning (Nalepa et al., 2013) | Amygdala | |
| α1D | Improve working memory and attention (Mishima et al., 2004) | Prefrontal cortex | |
| α2 | α2A | Impair spatial and fear learning (Gamache et al., 2012; Warner and Drugan, 2012; Zoladz et al., 2013; Torkaman-Boutorabi et al., 2014) | Hippocampus |
| Improve working memory (Arnsten and Goldman-Rakic, 1985, 1987; Arnsten et al., 1988) | Prefrontal cortex | ||
| α2B | Unknown | – | |
| α2C | Unknown | – | |
| β | β1 | Improve auditory fear memory (Qu et al., 2008) | Administration into amygdala |
| Impair spatial reference memory | Hippocampus | ||
| β2 | Improve memory retrieval (Introini-Collison et al., 1991) | Administration into amygdala | |
| Improves fear memory (Zhou et al., 2013) | Administration into prefrontal cortex | ||
| Improve auditory fear memory (Qu et al., 2008) | Administration into amygdala | ||
| β3 | unknown | – |