Table 2.

Associating engineered photoreceptors.

Photoreceptor (pair)a	Cofactor	Size (aa)	Association/Dissociation λmax (nm)	Dark recovery	Optogenetic application
AtUVR8	–	440	Dark/280	Hours	Protein sceretion (Chen et al., 2013)
AtUVR8: AtCOP1	–	440: 340	Dark/280	Hours	Eukaryotic gene expression (Crefcoeur et al., 2013; Müller et al., 2013b)
NcVVD	FAD	150	450/dark	Hours	Eukaryotic gene expression (Wang et al., 2012; Nihongaki et al., 2014) caspase/apoptosis (Nihongaki et al., 2014)
NcVVD I52R/M55R: NcVVD I52D/M55G	FAD	150	450/dark	Seconds to hours	Recruitment, phosphoinositide metabolism (Kawano et al., 2015)
PtAureochrome [VfAureochrome]	FMN	150	450/dark	Minutes to hours	RTK signaling (Grusch et al., 2014)
ElEL222	FMN	222	450/dark	Seconds	Eukaryotic gene expression (Motta-Mena et al., 2014)
RsLOV	FMN	176	Dark/450	Minutes	Biophysical characterization (Conrad et al., 2013)
AtFKF1: AtGIGANTEA	FMN	619 (isolated LOV 160): 1173	450/dark	Hours—∞	Eukaryotic gene expression (Yazawa et al., 2009; Polstein and Gersbach, 2012) Ion-channel gating (Dixon et al., 2012)
AsLOV2-peptide: HsErbin_PDZ	FMN	160: 194	450/dark	Seconds	MAP kinase signaling (Strickland et al., 2012) Motor proteins and intracellular transport (Van Bergeijk et al., 2015)
AsLOV2-SfIpaA: HsVinculin_D1	FMN	160: 260	450/dark	Seconds	Eukaryotic gene expression (Lungu et al., 2012)
AsLOV2-EcSsrA: EcSspB	FMN	160: 165	450/dark	Seconds	Recruitment, GTPase signaling (Lungu et al., 2012; Guntas et al., 2015)
peptide-HhPYP	pCA	150	Dark/450	Seconds	Biophysical characterization (Reis et al., 2014)
AtCry2	FAD (MTHF)	498	450/dark	Minutes	Clustering, GTPase signaling, eukaryotic gene expression (Bugaj et al., 2013) RTK signaling (Chang et al., 2014; Kim et al., 2014) MAP kinase signaling (Wend et al., 2014) Sequestration-based protein inhibition (Lee et al., 2014) Clustering, clathrin-mediated endocytosis, SH3 signaling (Taslimi et al., 2014)
AtCry2: AtCIB1	FAD (MTHF)	498: 170	450/dark	Minutes	Recruitment, eukaryotic gene expression, recombination (Kennedy et al., 2010) Eukaryotic gene expression (Liu et al., 2012) Phosphoinositide metabolism (Idevall-Hagren et al., 2012; Kakumoto and Nakata, 2013) MAP kinase signaling (Aoki et al., 2013; Zhang et al., 2014) Sequestration-based protein inhibition (Lee et al., 2014) Expression of endogenous eukaryotic genes (Konermann et al., 2013; Nihongaki et al., 2015; Polstein and Gersbach, 2015)
PeDronpa K145N	–	257	400/500	Hours to days	GTPase signaling, protease (Zhou et al., 2012)
AtPhyA/AtPhyB: AtPIF3/AtPIF6	PΦB or PCB	620, 910: 100, 520	650/750	Minutes	Eukaryotic gene expression (Shimizu-Sato et al., 2002; Müller et al., 2013b) Protein splicing (Tyszkiewicz and Muir, 2008) GTPase signaling (Levskaya et al., 2009) MAP kinase signaling (Toettcher et al., 2013) Nuclear transport (Beyer et al., 2015a) Recruitment to intracellular compartments (Yang et al., 2013)
SpCph1 PAS-GAF-PHY	PCB	510	660/720	Minutes	Light-induced homodimerization (Strauss et al., 2005)

^aSpecies abbreviations cf. Table 1 and as follows: El, Erythrobacter litoralis; Nc, Neurospora crassa; Pe, Pectiniidae cDNA; Pt, Phaeodactylum tricornutum; Rs, Rhodobacter sphaeroides; Sf, Shigella flexneri; Vf, Vaucheria frigida.