Table 2.
Baseline values, changes scores, and significance of change scores
| Resistance Training (n = 38) |
Aerobic Training (n = 27) |
Aerobic + Resistance Training (n = 23) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Baseline | Change | P value | Baseline | Change | P value | Baseline | Change | P value |
| IVGTT parameters | |||||||||
| Si, mU·l−1·min−1 | 4.08 (1.9) | −0.21 (2.0) | 0.50 | 4.46 (3.1) | 0.20 (2.8) | 0.72 | 4.08 (1.9) | 3.06 (3.4) | 0.0003 |
| AIRg, mU·l−1·min−1 | 495 (322) | −35 (224) | 0.35 | 471 (352) | −103 (186) | 0.005 | 510 (449) | −80 (248) | 0.14 |
| DI | 1,794 (1204) | −114 (1107) | 0.53 | 1813 (1341) | −230 (1047) | 0.26 | 1465 (1192) | 1069 (1696) | 0.006 |
| Sg, per min | 0.0243 (0.011) | −0.001 (0.016) | 0.82 | 0.0231 (0.014) | −0.001 (0.014) | 0.81 | 0.0208 (0.012) | 0.007 (0.014) | 0.031 |
| HOMA | 2.15 (1.12) | 0.05 (1.3) | 0.83 | 2.43 (1.72) | −0.59 (0.9) | 0.002 | 2.21 (1.15) | −0.24 (1.16) | 0.33 |
| Fasting glucose, mg/dl | 99.3 (10.6) | −0.3 (9.0) | 0.84 | 96.8 (13.5) | −2.0 (9.9) | 0.29 | 92.3 (10.2) | 0.4 (8.6) | 0.82 |
| Fasting insulin, μU/ml | 8.63 (4.0) | −0.22 (5.0) | 0.79 | 9.66 (6.0) | −2.03 (3.0) | 0.001 | 9.93 (5.0) | −2.06 (2.3) | 0.0005 |
| Weight, kg | 88.8 (16.0) | 0.81 (2.4) | 0.049 | 88.8 (11.5) | −1.63 (3.2) | 0.013 | 91.7 (11.4) | −1.64 (3.04) | 0.017 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 30.0 (3.0) | 0.24 (0.8) | 0.08 | 30.5 (3.0) | −0.63 (1.2) | 0.008 | 30.6 (3.6) | −0.48 (1.1) | 0.04 |
| Waist circumference, cm | 96.5 (9.6) | 0.15 (1.7) | 0.59 | 97.1 (11.0) | −0.85 (2.6) | 0.10 | 98.0 (9.9) | −1.98 (2.8) | 0.002 |
| Peak V̇o2, ml·kg−1·min−1 | 27.3 (6.1) | 1.40 (2.9) | 0.005 | 27.1 (5.6) | 3.91 (2.6) | <0.0001 | 27.4 (5.8) | 4.13 (3.2) | <0.0001 |
| Strength, kg/session | 20,130 (8,031) | 9,956 (5,798) | <0.0001 | NA | NA | NA | 20,411 (5,383) | 8,887 (6,105) | <0.0001 |
| Fat mass, kg | 25.1 (6.9) | −0.22 (2.0) | 0.51 | 26.7 (5.5) | −1.25 (2.5) | 0.01 | 27.3 (6.3) | −1.89 (3.1) | 0.007 |
| Lean body mass, kg | 63.6 (14.6) | 1.04 (1.8) | 0.001 | 61.0 (10.2) | −0.33 (2.2) | 0.44 | 62.8 (10.3) | 0.31 (1.8) | 0.40 |
| Thigh muscle AT, cm2 | 876 (398) | −43 (111) | 0.04 | 780 (337) | −62 (112) | 0.01 | 864 (357) | −139 (167) | 0.0006 |
| Abdominal SAT, cm2 | 302 (101) | −6.9 (32) | 0.23 | 330 (100) | −27.3 (57) | 0.02 | 346 (132) | −26.9 (37) | 0.003 |
| Visceral AT, cm2 | 169 (80) | 0.6 (21) | 0.87 | 187 (114) | −15.7 (38) | 0.04 | 153 (67) | −7.9 (34) | 0.28 |
| Liver fat, HU | 58.3 (8.3) | 0.70 (5.1) | 0.46 | 57.4 (9.8) | 2.05 (5.9) | 0.09 | 56.5 (14.2) | 0.66 (5.8) | 0.60 |
Values are means (SD); n, no. of subjects. There were no significant baseline differences between groups.
IVGTT, intravenous glucose tolerance tests with minimal model analyses; Si, insulin sensitivity index from IVGTT; AIRg, acute insulin response to infused glucose (area under the curve during first 10 min); DI, disposition index, a measure of pancreatic beta cell function = Si × AIRg (there are no units for this measure); AT, adipose tissue; Sg, glucose effectiveness, ability of glucose to cause its own uptake into cells; SAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue.
Liver fat is estimated from liver density with Housfield Units (HU). Note: Only the IVGTT variables presented here are new and have not been published previously, and they are the focus of this paper. The additional data provided are helpful for interpreting the IVGTT data within the context of the other variables presented. P values in bold are significantly different.