Table 3.

Challenge with pathogens in mice and rats

Study	Genetic background	N	Age/weight	Sex	Pathogen	Site of challenge	Dose
Mice
Püntener [43]	C57BL/6	3	>8 w	F	S. typhimurium (SL3261)	ip	1 × 106 CFU	1 day	No
								7 days	Moderate
								21 days	No
Rabchevsky [31]	C57BL/6	6	6 w	F	CFA	sc + ipl	150 ug	14 days	No
								21 days	No
Di Filippo [32]	Biozzi ABH	4	6–8 w	F	CFA	sc + ipl	100 ug	U	Yes
Rats
Bland [71]	Sprangue-Dawley	8	4 d	M	E. coli (ATCC 15746)	sc	1 × 105 CFU/g	2 days	Yes
								70 days	Yes
								98 days	Yes
Williamson [72]	Sprangue-Dawley	9	4 d	M	E. coli (ATCC 15746)	sc	1 × 105 CFU/g	2–3 months	Yes
Bilbo [73]	Sprangue-Dawley	6	4 d	M	E. coli (ATCC 15746)	sc	1 × 105 CFU/gram	2 months	No*
								16 months	Yes
Bilbo [42]	Sprangue-Dawley	8	4 d	M	E. coli (ATCC 15746)	sc	1 × 105 CFU/g	56 days	Yes
Bilbo [35]	Sprangue-Dawley	6	4 d	M	E. coli (ATCC 15746)	sc	1 × 105 CFU/g	56 days	No
Bilbo [37]	Sprangue-Dawley	8	4 d	M	E. coli (ATCC 15746)	sc	1 × 106 CFU	2 h	No
								8 h	No
								1 day	Yes
								2 days	No
								3 days	Yes
								2-3 months	Yes
Raghavendra [4]	Sprangue-Dawley	4	175–200 gr	M	CFA	ipl	100 ul	4 h	Moderate
								4 days	Yes
								2 weeks	Yes
Liu [30]	Lewis	6	2 m	F	Heat-killed M. butyricum	id	1.5 mg	3 weeks	Moderate*
			12 m						Yes
Wu [29]	Lewis	6	100–110 gr	F	Heat-killed M. butyricum	id	25 mg/kg	2 weeks	Yes
								3 weeks	Yes
								4 weeks	Yes

Column time of termination is the time from the (first) LPS challenge

Abbreviations: U unknown, F female, m months, d days, ip intraperitoneal, ipl intraplantar, M male, B both sexes, w weeks, gr gram, sc subcutaneous, id intradermal, N number of animals per group, CFA complete Freund’s adjuvant

*Did not express data in statistical values, no statistical information