Table 3.
Univariate and multivariable associations between diabetes and other risk factors for tuberculosis
| Variable | Crude rate ratio | Adjusted rate ratioa |
|---|---|---|
| (95 % CI) | (95 % CI) | |
| No diabetes | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Diabetes | 1.20 (1.02–1.41) | 1.30 (1.01–1.66) |
| Age (per 1 year increase) | 1.02 (1.01–1.03) | 1.03 (1.02–1.04) |
| Smoking | ||
| Non-smoker | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ex-smoker | 1.23 (1.06–1.44) | 1.27 (1.00–1.61) |
| Current smoker | 1.73 (1.48–2.03) | 1.67 (1.27–2.19) |
| Alcohol intake | ||
| Non-drinker | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| Ex-drinker | 0.64 (0.44–0.94) | 1.00 (0.58–1.73) |
| Moderate drinker | 0.50 (0.42–0.59) | 0.86 (0.65–1.13) |
| Heavy drinker | 0.66 (0.51–0.85) | 1.04 (0.69–1.59) |
| BMIb | ||
| <20 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 20- < 25 | 0.41 (0.33–0.51) | 0.62 (0.42–0.90) |
| 25- < 30 | 0.26 (0.21–0.32) | 0.35 (0.24–0.51) |
| ≥30 | 0.21 (0.17–0.27) | 0.29 (0.19–0.45) |
| Ethnicity | ||
| White | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| South Asian | 9.41 (7.48–11.84) | 10.77 (7.84–14.81) |
| Black | 3.47 (2.11–5.72) | 2.28 (1.01–5.16) |
| Mixed or Other | 2.84 (1.70–4.75) | 2.50 (1.23–5.07) |
| Index of Multiple Deprivationc | ||
| 1 – Least deprived | 1.00 | 1.00 |
| 2 | 1.45 (1.10–1.91) | 1.24 (0.89–1.72) |
| 3 | 1.38 (1.03–1.84) | 1.19 (0.85–1.67) |
| 4 | 1.76 (1.33–2.33) | 1.36 (0.97–1.90) |
| 5 – Most deprived | 2.31 (1.75–3.04) | 1.47 (1.05–2.07) |
| Consultation rated | ||
| 1st tertile (0–6) | 1.00 | N/A |
| 2nd tertile (7–12) | 2.08 (1.71–2.54) | |
| 3rd tertile (13-maximum) | 4.58 (3.81–5.51) | |
| Total number of consultationse | ||
| 1st tertile (1–15) | 1.00 | N/A |
| 2nd tertile (16–49) | 0.54 (0.46–0.63) | |
| 3rd tertile (50-maximum) | 0.26 (0.23–0.31) |
aModel includes: diabetes, age, smoking status, alcohol status, BMI, ethnicity and index of multiple deprivation
bBMI: body mass index in kg/m2
cIndex of multiple deprivation in quintiles and available for English patients only
dConsultation rate defined as number of face to face consultations per year of follow-up; tertiles in order of increasing consultation rate
eConsultation number defined as total number of face to face consultations during patient follow-up; tertiles in order of increasing number of consultations
CI confidence interval, NA not available