Table 2.
Derivation of retinal photoreceptor (precursor) cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells.
| Reference | Source of iPSC | Duration | Markers to Confirm Photoreceptor Lineage | Tests to Suggest Photoreceptor Cell Function | Transplant | Disease Modelling | Therapeutics Screening |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hirami et al. [58] | Human fibroblast | 120 days | CRX, RCVRN, RHO | No | No | No | No |
| Osakada et al. [59] | Human fibroblast | 120–140 days | CRX, PDC, PDE6b, PDE6c, RHO, GRK1, SAG, RCVRN | Molecules required for photo-transduction | No | No | No |
| Jin et al. [7] | Patient fibroblast | 120 days | CRX, RCVRN, RHO, OPN1SW, OPN1LW | Patch clamp to detect voltage dependent channels 8-OHdG, caspase-3, acrolein, BiP, CHOP | No | Yes | Yes |
| Jin et al. [53] | Patient fibroblast * | 120–150 days | CRX, RCVRN | BiP, CHOP | No | Yes | No |
| Meyer et al. [51] | Human fibroblast | 80 days | CRX, RCVRN, Opsin | No | No | No | No |
| Meyer et al. [6] | Patient fibroblast | 80 days | CRX, RCVRN | No | No | No | No |
| Phillips et al. [36] | Patient T-cells | 108 days | CRX, RCVRN, S-OPSIN, RHO, CX36, SNAP-25, VGLUT1 | Molecules required for synaptic function | No | No | No |
| Phillips et al. [4] | Patient T-cells | 80 days | CRX, RCVRN, NRL, OPN1SW, PED6B | Molecules required for photo-transduction | No | Yes | No |
| Tucker et al. [3] | Patient fibroblast | 33 days | RCVRN | No | No | Yes | No |
| Tucker et al. [2] | Patient keratinocyte | 60 days | CRX, NRL, RCVRN, RHO, Acy Tubulin, OPN1SW, OPN1LW | GRP78, GRP94 | Yes | Yes | No |
| Burnight et al. [64] | Patient fibroblast | 90 days | CRX, RHO, OPN1SW, RCVRN, ROM1 | No | No | No | Yes |
| Tucker et al. [37] | Patient fibroblast, Human keratinocyte and IPE *,† | 90 days | CRX, NRL, RCVRN, RHO | No | No | No | No |
| Sridhar et al. [63] | Human fibroblast | 60 days | CRX, RCVRN | No | No | No | No |
| Mellough et al. [62] | Human fibroblast | 60 days | CRX, OPN1SW, OPN1LW, RHO, RCVRN, ARRESTIN 3 | No | No | No | No |
| Reichman et al. [54] | Human fibroblast | 49–112 days | CRX, NRL, RHO, R/G/B OPSIN, ARRESTIN 3, RECVRN | No | No | No | No |
| Zhong et al. [57] | Human fibroblast | 175 days | CRX, OPN1SW, OPN1LW, RHO, PDE6α/β, Gtα, CNGA1/B1, RetGC1 | Patch clamp-light induced response; outer segment disc formation on EM; molecules required for photo-transduction | No | No | No |
| Lambda et al. [52] | Human fibroblast | 28 days | CRX, OTX2, NRL, RECVRN, AIPL-1, RHO, S-Opsin, Arrestin, PAX6, Blimp1 | Molecules required for photo-transduction | No | No | No |
| Yoshida et al. [8] | Patient fibroblast | 35 days | NRL promoter, recoverin | BiP, CHOP, BID, NOXA LC3, ATG5, ATG7 | No | Yes | No |
8-OHdG, 8-Hydroxy-2′-deoxygunosine (oxidative stress marker); BiP, Binding immunoglobulin protein; CHOP, C/BEP-homologous protein/DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3; RCVRN, Recoverin; * iPSC derived from integration-free iPSC; † iPSC derived from xeno-free culture.