Table 1.
Summary of the studies assessing the association between hypothalamic-pituitary autoimmunity and traumatic brain injury (TBI)-induced hypopituitarism.
| Author (year) | Total sample (N) | Type of TBI and N | Age at evaluation (yr; mean ± SD) | M:F | Glasgow Coma Scale (score; N) | CT findings (N of pt) | Hormone deficiency (N; type) | Time at evaluation after TBI (m; mean ± SD) | Evaluations performed | APA + (N) | AHA + (N) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tanriverdi et al. (2008) | 29 | Road accident (18); fall (11) | 36.5 ± 2.3 | 25:4 | 13–15: 18 9–12: 6 ≤8: 5 |
sub/epidural hemorrhage: 12 cranial vault fracture: 5 normal CT: 6 severe brain swelling: 2 basal skull fracture: 1 |
8 6 APA + (5 GH-D; 1 ACTH-D) 2 APA- (1 GH-D 1 ACTH-D) |
36 | Basal; GHRH+ GHRP6; ACTH 1 μg; glucagon test | 13 (7 WP; 6 SP) |
N/A |
| Tanriverdi et al. (2010) | 61 | Elite boxers (44 actively competing; 17 retired) | 26 ± N/A | 61:0 | N/A | N/A | 11 9 GH-D 5 ACTH-D |
N/A | 14 | 13 | |
| Tanriverdi et al. (2013) | 25 | Road accident, fall and other reasons | 36.8 ± 2.1 | 20:5 | 13–15: 16 9–12: 5 ≤8: 4 |
N/A | 60 m: 1 FSH/LH-D; 1 ACTH-D; 7 GH-D | 12 and 60 (all pt); 36 (17 pt) | 60 m: 12 (7 WP; 5 SP) | 60 m: 15 (8 WP; 7 SP) |
Legend to table: ACTH-D = adrenocorticotropic hormone; AHA = anti-hypothalamic antibodies; APA = anti-pituitary antibodies; antiCT = Computed Tomography; F = females; GH-D = growth hormone deficiency; m = months; M = males; N = patient number; pt = patients; SP = strong positivity; TBI = traumatic brain injury; TSH = thyreotroph stimulating hormone; WP = weak positivity; yr = years.