Table 2.
Bivariable and multivariable analyses of time to all-cause death among 2550 people who use injection drugs, Vancouver, Canada, 1996–2013.
| Variable | Unadjusted hazard ratio |
Adjusted hazard ratio† |
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR | (95% CI) | p-Value | HR | (95% CI) | p-Value | |
| Binge alcohol use⁎ | ||||||
| (Yes vs. no) | 1.38 | (1.05–1.83) | 0.023 | 1.41 | (1.06–1.88) | 0.018 |
| Gender | ||||||
| (Male vs. female) | 1.08 | (0.91–1.30) | 0.372 | |||
| Age | ||||||
| (Per 10-year older) | 1.26 | (1.15–1.38) | < 0.001 | 1.29 | (1.17–1.42) | < 0.001 |
| Ethnicity | ||||||
| (Caucasian vs. non-Caucasian) | 1.07 | (0.90–1.28) | 0.421 | |||
| Unstable housing⁎ | ||||||
| (Yes vs. no) | 1.34 | (1.13–1.60) | < 0.001 | |||
| HIV serostatus⁎ | ||||||
| (Positive vs. negative) | 2.49 | (2.10–2.96) | < 0.001 | 2.53 | (2.12–3.01) | < 0.001 |
| Enrolment in MMT* | ||||||
| (Yes vs. no) | 0.80 | (0.68–0.95) | 0.013 | 0.80 | (0.67–0.95) | 0.010 |
| ≥ Daily heroin injection⁎ | ||||||
| (Yes vs. no) | 0.81 | (0.65–1.02) | 0.069 | |||
| ≥ Daily cocaine injection⁎ | 1.44 | (1.15–1.80) | 0.002 | |||
| (Yes vs. no) | 1.46 | (1.17–1.82) | < 0.001 | |||
| ≥ Daily crack cocaine smoking⁎ | ||||||
| (Yes vs. no) | 0.89 | (0.73–1.08) | 0.250 | |||
| ≥ Daily amphetamine injection⁎ | ||||||
| (Yes vs. no) | 0.24 | (0.06–0.96) | 0.043 | |||
Note: CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio; MMT = methadone maintenance treatment.
⁎
Behaviours and status in the last six months.
†
Model was adjusted for age, HIV serostatus, daily cocaine injection and enrolment in methadone maintenance treatment.