. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 17.

Published in final edited form as: Eur J Appl Physiol. 2011 Jun 9;112(2):699–709. doi: 10.1007/s00421-011-2025-x

Table 2.

Systemic responses to exercise and hypoxia

	Normoxia			Hypoxia
	Rest	8 (kg)	12 (kg)	Rest	8 (kg)	12 (kg)
Diameter (cm)
Lean	0.43 ± 0.02	0.45 ± 0.02^a	0.46 ± 0.01^a	0.43 ± 0.02	0.46 ± 0.02^a	0.47 ± 0.02^a
Obese	0.44 ± 0.02	0.47 ± 0.02^a	0.48 ± 0.02^a	0.44 ± 0.02	0.48 ± 0.02^a	0.48 ± 0.02^a
MetSyn^*	0.47 ± 0.02	0.49 ± 0.02^a	0.49 ± 0.02^a	0.48 ± 0.01	0.49 ± 0.01^a	0.50 ± 0.01^a
Heart rate (beat/min)^‡
Lean	67 ± 2	73 ± 2^a	73 ± 3^a	84 ± 3	88 ± 4^a	87 ± 2^a
Obese^*	62 ± 2	68 ± 3^a	69 ± 2^a	79 ± 3	81 ± 3^a	82 ± 3^a
MetSyn^†	71 ± 3	74 ± 4^a	76 ± 4^a	86 ± 5	89 ± 4^a	88 ± 5^a
Blood pressure (mmHg)
Lean	92 ± 1	95 ± 1^a	97 ± 1^a,b	94 ± 2	95 ± 2^a	99 ± 1^a,b
Obese	92 ± 2	96 ± 2^a	100 ± 2^a,b	94 ± 2	97 ± 2^a	99 ± 2^a,b
MetSyn^*,†	101 ± 2	104 ± 2^a	107 ± 2^a,b	100 ± 1	104 ± 1^a	108 ± 2^a,b
SpO₂ (%)^‡
Lean	99 ± 0.2	99 ± 0.3	97 ± 1.9	80 ± 1.0	78 ± 1.2	80 ± 0.6
Obese	98 ± 0.3	98 ± 0.3	98 ± 0.4	80 ± 0.7	79 ± 1.2	80 ± 1.0
MetSyn	97 ± 0.6	97 ± 0.4	97 ± 0.5	79 ± 0.6	80 ± 0.5	81 ± 1.5
Ventilation (BTPS) (L/min)^*
Lean (n = 9)	10.1 ± 0.4	10.4 ± 0.8	11.6 ± 0.9	16.4 ± 3.4	18.2 ± 3.9	17.0 ± 3.9
Obese (n = 9)	10.8 ± 0.6	11.4 ± 0.6	12.4 ± 0.9	13.1 ± 1.0	14.9 ± 1.2	15.8 ± 1.4
MetSyn (n = 6)^*,†	13.4 ± 0.8	14.7 ± 0.8	15.2 ± 0.8	16.6 ± 1.1	18.1 ± 1.4	18.9 ± 1.2
Tidal volume (L)
Lean (n = 9)	0.8 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.2	1.0 ± 0.2
Obese (n = 9)	1.0 ± 0.2	1.1 ± 0.4	0.7 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	0.9 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1
MetSyn (n = 6)	0.9 ± 0.2	0.9 ± 0.1	0.8 ± 0.1	1.2 ± 0.1	1.1 ± 0.1	1.0 ± 0.1
Breathing frequency (br/min)
Lean (n = 9)	15.9 ± 1.5	14.8 ± 2.1	15.4 ± 1.5	17.1 ± 1.7	19.1 ± 2.0	17.9 ± 1.9
Obese (n = 9)	15.2 ± 1.3	17.7 ± 1.4	17.6 ± 1.2	15.5 ± 1.4	17.3 ± 1.3	15.4 ± 1.4
MetSyn (n = 6)	17.8 ± 2.3	19.1 ± 2.2	20.1 ± 1.6	15.2 ± 1.6	18.1 ± 1.6	20.2 ± 1.8
End-tidal CO₂ (%)^‡
Lean (n = 9)	5.7 ± 0.2	5.9 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.2	5.3 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.3	5.4 ± 0.2
Obese (n = 9)	5.8 ± 0.1	5.8 ± 0.1	5.9 ± 0.1	5.3 ± 0.2	5.1 ± 0.2	5.2 ± 0.2
MetSyn (n = 6)	5.6 ± 0.3	5.5 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.3	5.0 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.2	5.0 ± 0.2

Lean n = 13, Obese n = 11, MetSyn n = 8 unless otherwise noted. Data are presented as Mean ± SE

Main effect of group:

p < 0.05 versus lean

^†

p < 0.05 versus obese

Main effect of exercise:

p < 0.05 versus rest

p < 0.05 versus 8 kg

^‡

Main effect of hypoxia