Table 1.

Factors that contribute to pre-existing functional disabilities and chronic disease

Factor	Factors contributing to chronic disease	Factors given pre-existing functional limitation
Personal	Genetics, age, race, sex, ethnicity may lead to higher disease risk.	Genetics, age, race, sex, ethnicity may lead to higher disease risk. Primary disabling condition may predispose to further functional limitations or disease.
Social circumstances	Higher rates of poverty, unemployment, low education may lead to higher risk of disease.	Higher rates of poverty, unemployment, low education may lead to higher risk of disease. Higher risk for social isolation and restricted social participation.
Environmental conditions	Risk of exposure to hazards and infectious diseases, structural hazards contribute to preventable injury.	Risk of exposure to hazards and infectious diseases, structural hazards contribute to preventable injury. Physical barriers to community participation; Transportation barriers; Attitudinal barriers to inclusion; Inaccessible facilities for physical activity; Restricted food choice options in group care settings.
Behavioral choices	Physical inactivity, poor nutrition, smoking, substance abuse lead to higher risk of chronic disease.	Physical inactivity, poor nutrition, smoking, substance abuse lead to higher risk of chronic disease. Coping with disability-related stresses may lead to more smoking; Physical limitations may reduce capacity for healthy food preparation.
Medical care	Health care system inefficiencies lead to increase in mortality and morbidity.	Health care system inefficiencies lead to increase in mortality and morbidity. Inaccessible medical equipment and facilities. Provider inattention to chronic conditions, risk behaviors.