Table 2.

Recent discoveries or advances in NLRP3 activating viruses

Virus	Biological Consequence	Reference(s)
IAV	Type-I interferon and RIG-I regulate NLRP3 activation in primary human lung epithelial cells. PB1-F2 viral protein from pathogenic viruses enhances NLRP3 inflammasome activation.	[66,68]
RSV	Inflammasome activation in response to cytosolic RNA is impaired in neonatal monocytes.	[74]
RVFV	Activates NLRP3 inflammasome in murine dendritic cells	[60]
Rhinovirus	2B viroporin activates NLRP3 inflammasome in vitro	[42]
HCV	NLRP3 inflammasome activation occurs in monocytes and may result in both protective and destructive immune responses.	[45–49]
WNV	NLRP3 activation prevents virus replication and protects from neuronal damage.	[61,62]
DV	NLRP3 inflammasome activation in platelets is associated with increased vascular permeability and disease severity in human patients.	[65]
PRRS	NLRP3 activation in vitro and potentially in swine.	[43,44]
CHIKV	High NLRP3, caspase-1 and IL-1β levels are predictive of severe disease in humans	[63,64]
HIV-1	NLRP3 inflammasome activation in vitro in both monocyte/macrophages and microglia; Activation may lead to HIV induced neuronal damage; Polymorphisms in NLRP3 associated with HIV infection in humans.	[47,50–52,58,59]
FIV	NLRP3 inflammasome activation associated with neuronal damage.	[52]
HTLV-1	NLRP3 polymorphisms associated with HTLV-1 infection in humans.	[57]
FMLV	Virus mediated expression of IL- 1β enhances virus replication and inflammation in mice	[56]
HSV-1	Activates both the NLRP3 and IFI16 inflammasomes in vitro.	[20]
Adenovirus	Persistence in endosomes enhances NLRP3 activation.	[83]