Table 2. Factors associated with physical and emotional forms of spousal violence, PDHS 2012–2013 (n = 3545).

Characteristics	Model 0		Model 1		Model 2
	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value	OR (95% CI)	p-value
Any form of spousal violence
Intergenerational transfer of spousal violence (mother also experienced spousal violence)
No	1		1		1
Yes	4.31 (3.40–5.45)	< 0.01	4.06 (3.16–5.22)	< 0.01	3.88 (3.00–5.02)	< 0.01
Do not know	1.21 (0.84–1.75)	0.29	1.11 (0.74–1.63)	0.61	1.07 (0.71–1.62)	0.73
Attitudinal acceptance of spousal violence (beating justified if wife argues with husband)
No	1		1		1
Yes	2.14 (1.77–2.58)	< 0.01	1.81 (1.48–2.21)	< 0.01	1.54 (1.24–1.90)	< 0.01
Do not know	2.66 (0.99–7.13)	0.05	2.50 (0.92–6.74)	0.06	2.77 (0.91–8.40)	0.07
Physical violence
Intergenerational transfer of spousal violence (mother experienced spousal violence)
No	1		1		1
Yes	6.25 (4.97–7.86)	< 0.01	5.97 (4.67–7.62)	< 0.01	5.71 (4.40–7.41)	< 0.01
Do not know	1.70 (1.14–2.52)	< 0.01	1.55 (1.01–2.36)	0.04	1.55 (1.00–2.40)	0.04
Attitudinal acceptance of spousal violence (beating justified if wife argues with husband)
No	1		1		1
Yes	2.38 (1.90–2.99)	< 0.01	1.99 (1.56–2.54)	< 0.01	1.66 (1.27–2.15)	< 0.01
Do not know	0.65 (0.26–1.60)	0.35	0.60 (0.24–1.46)	0.26	0.53 (0.22–1.26)	0.15
Emotional violence
Intergenerational transfer of spousal violence (mother experienced spousal violence)
No	1		1		1
Yes	3.22 (2.53–4.09)	< 0.01	3.01 (2.34–3.86)	< 0.01	2.86 (2.22–3.68)	< 0.01
Do not know	1.02 (0.67–1.53)	0.93	0.92 (0.59–1.43)	0.73	0.89 (0.55–1.41)	0.63
Attitudinal acceptance of spousal violence (beating justified if wife argues with husband)
No	1		1		1
Yes	1.92 (1.60–2.30)	< 0.01	1.63 (1.34–1.98)	< 0.01	1.43 (1.16–1.75)	< 0.01
Do not know	3.64 (1.52–8.74)	< 0.01	3.38 (1.41–8.08)	< 0.01	3.40 (1.17–9.85)	0.02

Model 0 = Univariate analysis

Model 1 = Model 0 + Age at marriage, respondent's education level, wealth index

Model 2 = Model 1 + parity, respondent's employment status, respondent's empowerment status