Table 1.
Proposed biomarkers of effect in peripheral samples for Pb, As, Mn and mixtures of these elements
| Exposure | Biological Sample | Biomarker | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Pb | Serum | PRL | [123, 140] |
| Blod erythrocytes | AChE | [32, 72] | |
| Blood | ALA and ALAD | [40,127,128] | |
| Urine | ALA | [141] | |
| Blood erythrocytes | Protoporphyrin | [100] | |
| Urine | Coproporphyrin | [100] | |
|
| |||
| As | Serum | PRL | [132] |
| Blood | ALA, ALAS, ALAD | [26,40,136] | |
| Urine | Uro- and coprophophyrin | [91,101,137] | |
|
| |||
| Mn | Serum | PRL | [17,76, 123,138,142] |
| Blood and blood erythrocytes | Ach and AChE | [17, 18] | |
|
| |||
| Pb + As | Urine | ALA | [143, 144] |
|
| |||
| Pb+As+Mn+others | Serum | PRL | [145] |