Table 1. Baseline characteristics of diabetic patients with advanced chronic kidney disease.
| Before Matched | Propensity Score-Matched | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TZD | TZD | TZD | TZD | |||
| users | nonusers | users | nonusers | |||
| (n = 1,224) | (n = 11,126) | P value | (n = 1,201) | (n = 3,603) | P value | |
| Age, mean (SD), y | 65.1 (10.5) | 66.1 (11.6) | 0.003 | 65.8 (10.6) | 65.7 (10.8) | 0.58 |
| Gender, female | 628 (51.3) | 5,599 (50.3) | 0.51 | 586 (48.8) | 1,763 (48.9) | 0.93 |
| Diabetes Duration, mean (SD), y | 6.4 (2.5) | 6.0 (3.2) | <0.001 | 6.5 (2.5) | 6.5 (2.9) | 0.76 |
| Comorbidity | ||||||
| Hypertension | 996 (81.4) | 8,974 (80.7) | 0.55 | 976 (81.3) | 2,921 (81.1) | 0.88 |
| Dyslipidemia | 687 (56.1) | 5,573 (50.1) | <0.001 | 667 (55.5) | 2,005 (55.7) | 0.95 |
| Coronary artery disease | 345 (28.2) | 3,458 (31.1) | 0.04 | 340 (28.3) | 998 (27.7) | 0.68 |
| Stroke/transient ischemic attack | 304 (24.8) | 2,727 (24.5) | 0.80 | 292 (24.3) | 881 (24.5) | 0.92 |
| Heart failure | 267 (21.8) | 2,969 (26.7) | <0.001 | 267 (22.2) | 793 (22) | 0.87 |
| Peripheral artery disease | 34 (2.8) | 287 (2.6) | 0.68 | 31 (2.6) | 99 (2.8) | 0.76 |
| Cancer | 112 (9.2) | 983 (8.8) | 0.71 | 107 (8.9) | 339 (9.4) | 0.61 |
| Charlson Comorbidity Index score | 0.54 | 0.88 | ||||
| ≤3 | 178 (14.5) | 1,657 (14.9) | 175 (14.6) | 522 (14.5) | ||
| 4–5 | 575 (47.0) | 5,041 (45.3) | 567 (47.2) | 1,730 (48) | ||
| >5 | 471 (38.5) | 4,428 (39.8) | 459 (38.2) | 1,351 (37.5) | ||
| Mean(SD) | 5.2 (1.9) | 5.3 (2.1) | 0.03 | 5.2 (1.9) | 5.2 (1.9) | 0.80 |
| No. of nephrologist visits within 3 y before the index date | 0.003 | 0.84 | ||||
| 0 | 229 (18.7) | 2,311 (20.8) | 226 (18.8) | 697 (19.3) | ||
| 1–6 | 298 (24.4) | 3,299 (26.3) | 295 (24.6) | 858 (23.8) | ||
| >6 | 697 (56.9) | 5,516 (53.0) | 680 (56.6) | 2,048 (56.8) | ||
| Antihypertensives used | ||||||
| ACEIs | 285 (23.3) | 2,558 (23.0) | 0.82 | 278 (23.2) | 829 (23) | 0.92 |
| ARBs | 631 (51.6) | 4,638 (41.7) | <0.001 | 611 (50.9) | 1,858 (51.6) | 0.68 |
| Alpha-blockers | 351 (28.7) | 3,294 (29.6) | 0.50 | 342 (28.5) | 992 (27.5) | 0.53 |
| Beta-blockers | 580 (47.4) | 5,475 (49.2) | 0.23 | 569 (47.4) | 1,732 (48.1) | 0.68 |
| Calcium channel blockers | 919 (75.1) | 8,781 (78.9) | 0.002 | 907 (75.5) | 2,685 (74.5) | 0.49 |
| Diuretics | 1,030 (84.2) | 8,927 (80.2) | 0.001 | 1,009 (84.0) | 3,013 (83.6) | 0.75 |
| Antidiabetic agents used | ||||||
| Sulfonylureas | 631 (51.6) | 4,136 (37.2) | <0.001 | 610 (50.8) | 1,859 (51.6) | 0.63 |
| Meglitinides | 465 (38.0) | 3,176 (28.6) | <0.001 | 452 (37.6) | 1,347 (37.4) | 0.88 |
| Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor | 255 (20.8) | 1,280 (11.5) | <0.001 | 238 (19.8) | 707 (19.6) | 0.88 |
| Metformin | 161 (13.2) | 844 (7.6) | <0.001 | 155 (12.9) | 427 (11.9) | 0.33 |
| Insulin | 523 (42.7) | 6,523 (58.6) | <0.001 | 520 (43.3) | 1,528 (42.4) | 0.59 |
| Statin | 461 (37.7) | 3,058 (27.5) | <0.001 | 443 (36.9) | 1,299 (36.1) | 0.60 |
| Aspirin | 369 (30.2) | 3,223 (29.0) | 0.39 | 359 (29.9) | 1,070 (29.7) | 0.90 |
| NSAIDs | ||||||
| Select | 65 (5.3) | 532 (4.8) | 0.41 | 63 (5.3) | 174 (4.8) | 0.56 |
| Non-select | 461 (37.7) | 4,448 (40.0) | 0.12 | 455 (37.9) | 1,354 (37.6) | 0.85 |
| Geographic location | <0.001 | 0.99 | ||||
| Northern | 575 (47.0) | 4,988 (44.8) | 561 (46.7) | 1,695 (47.0) | ||
| Middle | 306 (25.0) | 2,337 (21.0) | 297 (24.7) | 893 (24.8) | ||
| Southern | 305 (24.9) | 3,561 (32.0) | 305 (25.4) | 897 (24.9) | ||
| Eastern or other islands | 38 (3.1) | 240 (2.2) | 38 (3.2) | 118 (3.3) | ||
| Propensity score | 0.136 (0.017–0.428) | 0.095(0.010–0.500) | <0.001 | 0.132(0.017–0.349) | 0.132(0.017–0.390) | 0.79 |
| TZDs and doses | ||||||
| Pioglitazone | 470 (38.4) | NA | NA | |||
| Daily dose, mean (SD), mg | 23.5 (9.9) | NA | NA | |||
| Rosiglitazone | 799 (65.3) | NA | NA | |||
| Daily dose, mean (SD), mg | 3.8 (1.9) | NA | NA | |||
Abbreviations: ACEIs, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers; NSAIDs, non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs; TZD, thiazolidinedione; SD, standard deviation.