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. 2015 May 26;5(5):e573. doi: 10.1038/tp.2015.66

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Copyright © 2015 Macmillan Publishers Limited

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in the credit line; if the material is not included under the Creative Commons license, users will need to obtain permission from the license holder to reproduce the material. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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Ketamine treatment effect in anxiety and learned helplessness. All treated animals showed a significantly increased latency to immobility: FLX, KET (P<0.05), IMP, (P<0.01) and IMP-KET, FLX-KET (P<0.001). The addition of KET caused a significant increase in latency to immobility time in FLX-KET against KET (a); significant decrease in immobility time: IMP, FLX (P<0.05) and IMP-KET, FLX-KET (P<0.01) (b); IMP-KET (P<0.05) and FLX-KET (P<0.01) groups with significant increase in time spent in open arms when compared with uCMS animals (c); FLX (P<0.005), IMP-KET (P<0.001) and FLX-KET (P<0.001) with significant higher entries in open arms (d). FLX, fluoxetine; IMP, imipramine; KET, ketamine; uCMS, unpredictable chronic mild stress. Mean±s.e.m., n=12, *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.