Table 4. Severity of symptoms and level of impairment of daily tasks due to urinary incontinence at 12 months post-partum.
| Variables 1 | Urinary Incontinence | Severity of urinary incontinence symptoms | Impairment of daily tasks due to urinary incontinence | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UI | No UI | p-values 2 | Mild | Moderate/Severe | p-values 3 | Mild | Moderate/ Severe | p-values 4 | |
| Demographics | |||||||||
| Maternal age at delivery (years) | 31.7 (4.5) | 31.2 (4.3) | 0.022 | 31.6 (4.5) | 33.7 (4.6) | 0.004 | 31.9 (4.6) | 33.2 (4.0) | 0.088 |
| Ethnicity | |||||||||
| White/Caucasian | 663 (85.9) | 628 (79.1) | <0.001 | 626 (85.9) | 37 (86.0) | 0.974 | 183 (85.1) | 41 (80.4) | 0.406 |
| Other | 109 (14.1) | 166 (20.9) | 103 (14.1) | 6 (14.0) | 32 (14.9) | 10 (19.6) | |||
| Household income | |||||||||
| < $80,000 | 195 (26.0) | 235 (30.8) | 0.036 | 182 (25.6) | 13 (32.5) | 0.333 | 57 (27.1) | 13 (27.7) | 0.943 |
| ≥ $80,000 | 556 (74.0) | 527 (69.2) | 529 (74.4) | 27 (67.5) | 153 (72.9) | 34 (72.3) | |||
| Education 5 | |||||||||
| High school | 172 (22.3) | 188 (23.7) | 0.502 | 157 (21.5) | 15 (34.9) | 0.041 | 42 (19.5) | 14 (27.5) | 0.213 |
| Post-secondary | 600 (77.7) | 605 (76.3) | 572 (78.5) | 28 (65.1) | 173 (80.5) | 37 (72.5) | |||
| Marital status | |||||||||
| Married/Common law | 733 (94.9) | 764 (96.2) | 0.22 | 695 (95.3) | 38 (88.4) | 0.059 | 201 (93.5) | 49 (94.2) | 1 |
| Single | 39 (5.1) | 30 (3.8) | 34 (4.7) | 5 (11.6) | 14 (6.5) | 3 (5.8) | |||
| Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) | |||||||||
| Underweight (< 18.50) | 22 (2.9) | 32 (4.2) | 0.152 | 22 (3.0) | 0 (0.0) | <0.001 | 2 (0.9) | 1 (1.9) | 0.225 |
| Normal weight (18.50–24.99) | 452 (59.1) | 483 (62.6) | 437 (60.5) | 15 (34.9) | 121 (57.1) | 24 (46.2) | |||
| Overweight (25.00–29.99) | 180 (23.5) | 163 (21.1) | 168 (23.3) | 12 (27.9) | 53 (25.0) | 12 (23.1) | |||
| Obese (≥30.00) | 111 (14.5) | 93 (12.1) | 95 (13.2) | 16 (37.2) | 36 (17.0) | 15 (28.8) | |||
| Obstetrical characteristics | |||||||||
| Gravidity | |||||||||
| Primigravida | 286 (37.3) | 262 (33.1) | 0.085 | 272 (37.5) | 14 (33.3) | 0.586 | 80 (37.4) | 17 (32.7) | 0.528 |
| Multigravida | 481 (62.7) | 529 (66.9) | 453 (62.5) | 28 (66.7) | 134 (62.6) | 35 (67.3) | |||
| Parity | |||||||||
| Primipara | 347 (49.8) | 332 (45.5) | 0.109 | 329 (50.2) | 18 (42.9) | 0.354 | 105 (53.6) | 19 (39.6) | 0.082 |
| Multipara | 350 (50.2) | 397 (54.5) | 326 (49.8) | 24 (57.1) | 91 (46.4) | 29 (60.4) | |||
| Type of labour onset | |||||||||
| Induced labour | 191 (29.3) | 184 (26.5) | 0.248 | 171 (28.0) | 20 (48.8) | 0.005 | 55 (30.4) | 19 (39.6) | 0.226 |
| Spontaneous labour | 460 (70.7) | 510 (73.5) | 439 (72.0) | 21 (51.2) | 126 (69.6) | 29 (60.4) | |||
| Mode of delivery 6 | |||||||||
| Spontaneous vaginal | 563 (80.7) | 450 (61.7) | <0.001 | 526 (80.2) | 37 (88.1) | 0.329 | 159 (81.1) | 43 (89.6) | 0.211 |
| Assisted vaginal delivery | 22 (3.2) | 13 (1.8) | 22 (3.4) | 0 (0.0) | 10 (5.1) | 0 (0.0) | |||
| Caesarean section | 113 (16.2) | 266 (36.5) | 108 (16.5) | 5 (11.9) | 27 (13.8) | 5 (10.4) | |||
| Obstetrical analgesia | |||||||||
| Epidural/spinal | 380 (54.4) | 362 (49.7) | 0.071 | 355 (54.1) | 25 (59.5) | 0.495 | 106 (54.1) | 30 (62.5) | 0.293 |
| No analgesia | 318 (45.6) | 367 (50.3) | 301 (45.9) | 17 (40.5) | 90 (45.9) | 18 (37.5) | |||
| Preterm birth prevalence | |||||||||
| GA<37 weeks (preterm) | 37 (5.3) | 56 (7.7) | 0.069 | 32 (4.9) | 5 (11.9) | 0.064 | 5 (2.6) | 3 (6.3) | 0.193 |
| GA≥ 37 weeks (term) | 661 (94.7) | 673 (92.3) | 624 (95.1) | 37 (88.1) | 191 (97.4) | 45 (93.8) | |||
| Gestational age (weeks) | 38.9 (1.7) | 38.7 (2.0) | 0.025 | 39.0 (1.6) | 38.1 (2.9) | 0.002 | 39.1 (1.4) | 38.8 (2.5) | 0.321 |
| Birth weight (grams) | 3378.6 | 3339.3 | 0.176 | 3385.3 | 3272.8 | 0.181 | 3358.6 | 3369.5 | 0.883 |
| (528.4) | (564.4) | (518.8) | (659.7) | (463.1) | (458.1) | ||||
1Variables are presented as n (%), except for maternal age, gestational age at delivery and infant birth weight which are presented as mean and (SD)
2 Comparisons between women who did and who did not experience urinary incontinence at 12 months postpartum
3 Comparisons between women with mild and moderate/severe symptoms of urinary incontinence
4 Comparisons between women who reported mild and moderate/severe impairment of daily tasks due to urinary incontinence
5The education categories included: for High school category, some high school, graduated high school, or some post-secondary, and for Post-secondary category, graduated post-secondary, some graduate school, or completed graduate school
6Assisted vaginal deliveries included forceps, vacuum or both forceps and vacuum; Caesarean section included both emergency and elective caesarean sections
p-values from Chi square and Fisher’s exact tests
Percentages are calculated per column for each variable