Table 4.

Odds Ratios (ORs) and 95 % Confidence Intervals (CI) of the association of not being in the labor force and low income with being a parent without a child with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), a parent of a child with ASD (with or without Intellectual Disability (ID)) a parent of a child with ASD without ID, or a parent of a child with ASD with ID

	Mothers				Fathers
	Model 1 OR (95 % CI)	Model 2 OR (95 % CI)	Model 3 OR (95 % CI)	Model 4 OR (95 % CI)	Model 1 OR (95 % CI)	Model 2 OR (95 % CI)	Model 3 OR (95 % CI)	Model 4 OR (95 % CI)
Not in labor force
No ASD	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
ASD	1.6 (1.5–1.8)	1.6 (1.4–1.7)	1.6 (1.5–1.8)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	1.3 (1.2–1.4)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	1.3 (1.2–1.5)	1.2 (1.1–1.4)
ASD (without ID)	1.5 (1.3–1.7)	1.4 (1.3–1.6)	1.6 (1.4–1.9)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	1.2 (1.0–1.3)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)	1.2 (1.0–1.4)
ASD (with ID)	1.8 (1.6–2.0)	1.8 (1.5–2.0)	1.7 (1.4–1.9)	1.6 (1.3–1.8)	1.4 (1.2–1.7)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	1.4 (1.2–1.6)	1.3 (1.1–1.5)
Low income
No ASD	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1
ASD	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	1.6 (1.4–1.7)	1.5 (1.4–1.6)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)	1.2 (1.2–1.4)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
ASD (without ID)	1.4 (1.3–1.6)	1.4 (1.2–1.5)	1.5 (1.4–1.7)	1.5 (1.3–1.7)	1.1 (1.0–1.3)	1.1 (1.0–1.2)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	1.2 (1.1–1.3)
ASD (with ID)	1.7 (1.5–1.9)	1.6 (1.5–1.8)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	1.6 (1.4–1.8)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	1.3 (1.1–1.4)	1.2 (1.1–1.4)	1.2 (1.0–1.3)

Estimates with 95 % Confidence Intervals that do not incorporate 1.00, are shown in bold

ORs Odds Ratios; CI Confidence Intervals; ASD Autism Spectrum Disorder; ID Intellectual Disability

Model 1: adjusted for parental age

Model 2: Model 1 + parental (either mother or father) contact with psychiatric care prior to birth of first child

Model 3: Models 1 and 2 + country of birth and number of children

Model 4: Models 1, 2 and 3 + education, two parent/lone parent household and social assistance