Table 2.
Active compounds | Source | Antibacterial assay method | Active against bacteria | MIC (μg/ml) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hexahydroxy diphenoyl ester vescalagin | Lythrum salicaria | Agar well diffusion test | A. baumannii | N/A | Becker et al., 2005; Guclu et al., 2014 |
H. pylori | N/A | ||||
P. aeruginosa | N/A | ||||
Staphylococcus aureus | 62 | ||||
B. cereus | N/A | ||||
Mycobacterium smegmatis | N/A | ||||
Micrococcus luteus | 125 | ||||
Proteus mirabilis | 62 | ||||
Ellagic acid | Rosa rugosa | MIC, MBC | A. baumannii | 250 | Miyasaki et al., 2013 |
Terchebulin | Terminalia chebula | MIC, MBC | A. baumannii | 500 | Miyasaki et al., 2013 |
Chebulagic acid | 1000 | ||||
Chebulinic acid | 62.5 | ||||
Corilagin | 1000 | ||||
Norwogonin | Scutellaria baicalensis | MIC, MBC | A. baumannii | 128 | Chan et al., 2011; Miyasaki et al., 2013 |
Baicalin | N/A | ||||
Baicalein | N/A | ||||
Eugenol | Syzygium aromaticum | MIC, CFU | A. baumannii | 1250 | Kollanoor Johny et al., 2010; Pelletier, 2012; Saulnier, 2014 |
C. jejuni | N/A | ||||
S. enteritidis | N/A | ||||
Trans-cinnamaldehyde | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | MIC, CFU | A. baumannii | 310 | Kollanoor Johny et al., 2010; Pelletier, 2012; Saulnier, 2014 |
CFU | S. enteritidis | N/A | |||
CFU | C. jejuni | N/A | |||
Carvacrol | Oreganum vulgare | MIC, CFU | Biofilms of Staphylococcus epidermidis | 0.031%, v/v | Nostro et al., 2007; Kollanoor Johny et al., 2010; Pelletier, 2012; Saulnier, 2014 |
Biofilms of S. aureus | 0.015–0.031%, v/v | ||||
A. baumannii | 310 | ||||
S. enteritidis | N/A | ||||
C. jejuni | N/A | ||||
Thymol | Thymus | CFU, MIC | S. enteritidis | N/A | Nostro et al., 2007; Kollanoor Johny et al., 2010; Pelletier, 2012 |
C. jejuni | N/A | ||||
A. baumannii | N/A | ||||
S. epidermidis biofilms | 0.031%, v/v | ||||
biofilms of S. aureus | 0.031–0.062%, v/v | ||||
Curcumin | Curcuma longa | MIC, time kill assay, FIC index, CFU | S. aureus | 125–250 | De et al., 2009; Hu et al., 2013; Mun et al., 2013; Betts and Wareham, 2014 |
H. pylori | 5–50 | ||||
A. baumannii | 4 (in presence of EGCG) | ||||
Streptococcus mutans | 175 | ||||
Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) | Camellia sinensis (Green tea) | MIC, time kill assay, FIC index, CFU | S. aureus | 100 | Kono et al., 1997; Zhao et al., 2002; Osterburg et al., 2009; Gordon and Wareham, 2010; Betts and Wareham, 2014 |
A. baumannii | 312–625 | ||||
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia | 512 | ||||
H. pylori | 64 | ||||
Epicatechin | Camellia sinensis (Green tea) | Disk diffusion assay | A. baumannii | N/A | Betts et al., 2011 |
S. maltophilia | N/A | ||||
Theaflavin | Camellia sinensis (Black tea) | Disk diffusion assay | A. baumannii | N/A | Betts et al., 2011 |
S. maltophilia | N/A | ||||
(+)-Lyoniresinol-3 alpha-O-beta-D-glucopyranoside | Lycium chinense Mill. | CFU | A. baumannii | N/A | Chan et al., 2011 |
S. aureus | N/A | ||||
Enterococcus faecalis | N/A | ||||
Paeonol | Paeonia suffruticosa Andr. | CFU | A. baumannii | N/A | Chan et al., 2011 |
S. aureus | N/A | ||||
E. faecalis | N/A | ||||
Berberine | Coptidis chinensis Franch. | CFU | A. baumannii | N/A | Chan et al., 2011 |
S. aureus | N/A | ||||
E. faecalis | N/A | ||||
Berberine | Berberis fremontii (Desert barberry) | MIC | S. aureus | 30 | Stermitz et al., 2000; Lewis and Ausubel, 2006 |
Berberine | Hydrastis Canadensis (Golden seal) | CFU, FIC | S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes | N/A | Lewis and Ausubel, 2006; Ettefagh et al., 2011 |
Honokiol, Magnolol | Magnolia dealbata | Disk diffusion assay | Clavibacter michiganensis, P. aeruginosa, A. baumannii, Acinetobacter iwoffii | N/A | Jacobo-Salcedo Mdel et al., 2011 |
α-elemene, δ-elemene, furanosesquiterpenes | Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) | Disk diffusion assay, CFU, MIC | K. pneumoniae | 6250 | Masoud and Gouda, 2012 |
P. aeruginosa | 6250 | ||||
A. baumannii | 2500 | ||||
E. coli | 6250 | ||||
p-Coumaric acid, ascorbic acid, pyrocatechol, cinnamic acid | Aloe vera | Agar well Diffusion Technique | S. aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, B. subtilis, Bacillus cereus, E. coli, P. aeruginosa, K. pneumonia, Salmonella typhi | N/A | Lawrence et al., 2009 |
Allyl methyl disulfide, Diallylsulfide, Diallyltrisulfide, Allyl methyl trisulfide, Diallyldisulfide, Diallyltetrasulfide | Allium sativum (Garlic) | MIC | P. aeruginosa | 3120 | Khadri et al., 2010; Lu et al., 2011 |
K. pneumonia | 1250 | ||||
A. baumannii | 3120 | ||||
CFU | C. jejuni | N/A | |||
Stigmasterol, Nimbiol, sugiol,4-cymene, α-terpinene, terpinen-4-ol | Azadirachta indica | Disk diffusion assay | S. epidermidis | N/A | Fabry et al., 1998; Nand et al., 2012 |
MIC | S. aureus | 1000 | |||
Enterococci | 500 | ||||
Klebsiella | 2000 | ||||
P. aeruginosa | 1000 | ||||
E. coli | 2000 | ||||
Salmonella | 2000 | ||||
Gossypetin, hibiscetin, quercetin, sabdaretin, delphinidin 3-O-sambubioside and cyanidin 3-O-sambubioside | Hibiscus subdarifa (Indian sorrel/Rose mallow) | MIC, MBC | K. pneumoniae | 1024 | Djeussi et al., 2013; Pacôme et al., 2014 |
E. aerogenes | 1024 | ||||
P. stuartii | 512 | ||||
E. coli | 1024 | ||||
E. cloacae | 256 | ||||
Quercetin-7-0-B-D-xylopyranoside, 7-baueren-3-acetate | Adansonia digitata (Baobab/Gorakh imli) | MIC, MBC | K. pneumoniae | 1024 | Djeussi et al., 2013 |
E. coli | 1024 | ||||
E. cloacae | 1024 | ||||
Providencia stuartii | 1024 | ||||
E. aerogenes | 1024 |
MIC, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration; MBC, Minimum Bactericidal Concentration; FIC, Fractional Inhibitory Concentration; CFU, Colony Forming Units.