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Outline of the experimental design showing the time scale of drug administration and cerebral ischemia and reperfusion. Rats were administered 20 mg/kg 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine (or saline vehicle) 15 min before the induction of ischemia. After 1.5 h of ischemia plus 22.5 h of reperfusion, the rat brains were isolated and subjected to infarct volume, brain edema, MMP activity and tight junction impairment evaluations. BBB, blood-brain barrier; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase.
