Table 2.
Nuclear-resident proteins involved in picornavirus translation.
| Nuclear-resident protein | Picornavirus IRES type | Effect | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| Polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 (PTBP1) | I, II, III | Promotes translation through stabilization of IRES structure | Jang and Wimmer, 1990; Luz and Beck, 1991; Chang et al., 1993; Hellen et al., 1993; Kaminski et al., 1995; Kolupaeva et al., 1996; Niepmann, 1996; Pestova et al., 1996; Hunt and Jackson, 1999; Gosert et al., 2000a; Song et al., 2005; Kafasla et al., 2009, 2010; Verma et al., 2010; Kafasla et al., 2011 |
| Lupus La protein (La) | I, II, III | Stimulates translation from Type I and Type II IRESs; suppresses translation from Type III IRES structures | Meerovitch et al., 1989, 1993; Craig et al., 1997; Kim and Jang, 1999; Ray and Das, 2002; Costa-Mattioli et al., 2004; Cordes et al., 2008 |
| Poly(rC)-binding protein 2 (PCBP2) | I, III | Stimulates translation from Type I and Type III IRESs but does not bind Type III IRES element | Blyn et al., 1995, 1996; Gamarnik and Andino, 1997; Parsley et al., 1997; Graff et al., 1998; Zell et al., 2008a,b; Sean et al., 2009; Sweeney et al., 2014 |
| Serine/arginine-rich splicing factor 3 (SRSF3 or SRp20) | I | Acts synergistically with PCBP2 to increase efficiency of poliovirus translation | Bedard et al., 2007; Fitzgerald and Semler, 2011 |
| Proliferation-associated protein 2G4 (PA2G4 or EBP1) | II | Necessary for FMDV translation but not required for TMEV or EMCV translation | Pilipenko et al., 2000; Monie et al., 2007 |
| Nucleolin | I | Stimulates translation | Waggoner and Sarnow, 1998; Izumi et al., 2001 |
| Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (hnRNP A1) | I | Interacts with EV71 IRES, depletion results in reduced reporter gene translation | Lin et al., 2009b |
| Far upstream element-binding protein 1 (FBP1) | I | Interacts with EV71 IRES | Huang et al., 2011 |
| KH domain-containing, RNA-binding, signal transduction-associated protein 1 (Sam68) | II | Promotes FMDV translation | Lawrence et al., 2012 |
| Double-stranded RNA binding protein 76 (DRBP76) | I | Heterodimerizes with nuclear factor of activated T-cells, 45 KDa (NF45) and inhibits HRV 2 translation | Merrill et al., 2006; Merrill and Gromeier, 2006 |
| Far-upstream element-binding protein 2 (FBP2) | I | Inhibits EV71 IRES-driven translation | Lin et al., 2009a; Chen et al., 2013 |
| AU-rich binding factor 1 (AUF1 or hnRNP D0) | I | Binds IRES element and inhibits translation | Cathcart et al., 2013; Wong et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2014 |
| Gem-associated protein 5 (Gemin5) | II | Likely inhibits FMDV translation through competitive inhibition of PTBP1 binding | Piñeiro et al., 2013 |