Table 1.
Summary of versatile bilosomal formulations with different active ingredients and pharmaceutical findings
| Drug | Bilosomal formulation | Imperative findings | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Insulin | Cholesterol (CH)-bilosomes | • CH was required for higher drug entrapment | 33 |
| Taurocholate bilosomes | • Evidence of higher oral stability • Size-dependent bioavailability |
32, 40, 74 | |
| Nanobilosomes with different bile salts | • Mechanism of bilosome enhanced bioavailability via transenterocytic internalization • Relative stabilizing and fluidizing effects of bile salts • Superiority of sodium glycocholate |
40 | |
| Diphtheria vaccine | Sodium deoxycholate nanobilosomes | • Mucosal immunization | 38 |
| hepatitis B | • Comparable systemic immunization to IM injection | 37 | |
| Baculovirus | • Without tolerance | 34 | |
| Influenza vaccine | Sodium deoxycholate microbilosomes | • Large vesicles (≥6 μm) show higher accumulation in Peyer’s patches with higher mucosal immunization • Inverse relation between vesicle size and bile content |
4 |
| Bovine serum albumin | Cholera toxin conjugated bilosomes | • M-cell targeted by anchored toxin • Higher uptake and mucosal immunization |
36, 39 |
| Tetanus toxoid | Glucomannan-conjugated bilosomes | • Glucomannan targets receptors in APCs • Higher uptake, mucosal and systemic immunization |
29 |
| Calcein | Glycocholate bilosomes | • Comparatively higher stability of bilosomes versus liposomes in gastric enzymes was demonstrated | 31 |
| Cyclosporine A | Deoxycholate nanobilosomes | • Higher incorporation of lipophilic drug into PL bilayer thanks to SDC fluidizing effect | 78 |
| Fenofibrate | • Poor IVIV correlations regarding lipophilic drug release from bilosomes | 41 | |
| Salmon calcitonin | Probilosomes | • Intraduodenal freeze-dried bilosomes showed a sevenfold increase in bioavailability • Theory of lipophilic ion-pair complex was proposed |
81 |
| Tacrolimus (FK506) | SGC and STC bilosomes | • Bilosomes could increase corneal drug permeation • Ocular toxicity of deoxycholate was reported |
88 |
| Clotrimazole | Cholate, deoxycholate nanovesicles | • Prolonged antifungal effect of occular bilosomes | 100 |
Abbreviations: SGC, sodium glycocholate; STC, sodium taurocholate; SDC, sodium deoxycholate; PL, phospholipid; APCs, antigen presenting cells; IVIV, in-vitro in-vivo correlation; IM, intramuscular.