Table 4.
Adjusted* associations between exposure to classes of solvents from literature-based approach and selected simple, isolated congenital heart defects, National Birth Defects Prevention Study, 1997–2002
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|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Any Solvent | Aromatic Solvents | Chlorinated Solvents | Stoddard Solvent | |||||
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| ||||||||
| N† | OR (95% CI) | N† | OR (95% CI) | N† | OR (95% CI) | N† | OR (95% CI) | |
| Any congenital heart defect | 194 | 1.1 (0.9 to 1.4) | 50 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 156 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.3) | 67 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) |
| Conotruncal defects | 46 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.6) | 13 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.2) | 36 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 17 | 1.3 (0.8 to 2.3) |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | 21 | 0.9 (0.5 to 1.5) | 6 | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.3) | 16 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 6 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.1) |
| D-Transposition of the great arteries | 20 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.4) | 6 | 1.7 (0.7 to 4.1) | 17 | 1.5 (0.9 to 2.5) | 9 | 2.0 (1.0 to 4.2) |
| Anomalous pulmonary venous return | 4 | 0.8 (0.3 to 2.2) | 1 | Not Estimated | 4 | 0.9 (0.3 to 2.6) | 0 | Not Estimated |
| Left ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects | 30 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.5) | 9 | 1.1 (0.5 to 2.4) | 21 | 0.8 (0.5 to 1.4) | 8 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.8) |
| Hypoplastic left heart syndrome | 7 | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 2 | 0.3 (0.0 to 2.3) | 5 | 0.5 (0.2 to 1.1) | 2 | 0.4 (0.1 to 1.8) |
| Coarctation of the aorta | 12 | 1.1 (0.6 to 2.1) | 4 | 1.6 (0.6 to 4.4) | 8 | 0.8 (0.4 to 1.9) | 2 | 0.7 (0.2 to 2.7) |
| Aortic stenosis | 11 | 2.1 (1.1 to 4.1) | 3 | 2.3 (0.7 to 7.5) | 8 | 1.9 (0.9 to 4.0) | 4 | 2.2 (0.8 to 6.4) |
| Right ventricular outflow tract obstruction defects | 35 | 1.3 (0.9 to 1.9) | 9 | 1.3 (0.6 to 2.7) | 31 | 1.3 (0.9 to 2.0) | 17 | 1.9 (1.1 to 3.3) |
| Pulmonary valve stenosis | 27 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.2) | 8 | 1.5 (0.7 to 3.3) | 23 | 1.4 (0.9 to 2.3) | 13 | 2.1 (1.1 to 3.8) |
| Septal defects | 72 | 1.1 (0.8 to 1.4) | 18 | 1.1 (0.6 to 1.9) | 57 | 1.0 (0.7 to 1.4) | 25 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.8) |
| Ventricular septal defect - perimembranous | 31 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.6) | 6 | 0.9 (0.4 to 2.0) | 24 | 1.0 (0.6 to 1.5) | 12 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4) |
| Ventricular septal defect - muscular | 9 | 0.7 (0.4 to 1.6) | 3 | 0.8 (0.2 to 2.7) | 7 | 0.7 (0.3 to 1.6) | 1 | Not Estimated |
| Atrial septal defect - secundum or not otherwise specified | 32 | 1.2 (0.8 to 1.7) | 9 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.7) | 26 | 1.1 (0.7 to 1.7) | 12 | 1.3 (0.7 to 2.4) |
*
Multivariable logistic regression models adjusted for maternal age, education, race-ethnicity, periconceptional smoking and periconceptional intake of folic acid supplements.
†
Number of cases exposed to solvent