Table 1.
Baseline and peri-operative characteristics of the entire cohort and the control and dexmedetomidine (DEX) groups
| All (n = 1,593) |
Control (n = 1,125) |
DEX (n = 468) |
p-Value* | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age at surgery (days) | 167 (41 – 908) | 127 (13 – 379) | 784 (175 – 1794) | <0.001‡ |
| Gender | ||||
| Male | 54% (864) | 56% (625) | 51% (239) | 0.10† |
| Female | 46% (729) | 44% (500) | 49% (229) | |
| Weight (kg) | 6.2 (3.8 – 12.2) | 5.2 (3.4 – 8.6) | 11.4 (6.4 – 17) | <0.001‡ |
| Height (cm) | 64 (53.5 – 89) | 60 (52 – 74.9) | 84 (63 – 104.5) | <0.001‡ |
| BSA | 0.33 (0.24 – 0.55) | 0.30 (0.23 – 0.43) | 0.52(0.33 – 0.70) | <0.001‡ |
| RACHS-1 Category | 3 (2 – 3) | 3 (2 – 4) | 3 (2 – 3) | <0.001‡ |
| Race§ | ||||
| White | 85% (1342) | 85% (953) | 84% (389) | 0.56† |
| Other | 15% (240) | 15% (166) | 16% (74) | |
| CPB Time (min) | 103 (64 – 146) | 106 (65 – 152) | 94.5 (64 – 133) | 0.01‡ |
| Cross Clamp Time (min) | 35 (4 – 59) | 38 (5 – 61) | 31 (0.5 – 55.8) | 0.03‡ |
| Labs upon PCICU admission | ||||
| pH | 7.35 (7.29 – 7.40) | 7.35 (7.28 – 7.40) | 7.36 (7.31 – 7.41) | <0.001‡ |
| pCO2 | 44 (39 – 51) | 45 (40 – 52) | 43 (38 – 49) | <0.001‡ |
| pO2 | 81 (47 – 152) | 74 (44 – 137) | 99 (59 – 166) | <0.001‡ |
| Base Excess | −1.3 (−4.0 – 1.6) | −1.3 (−4.0 – 1.8) | −1.3 (−3.9 – 1.2) | 0.68‡ |
| Lactate | 1.8 (1.2 – 3.3) | 2.1 (1.3 – 3.9) | 1.4 (1.0 – 2.0) | <0.001‡ |
| Hematocrit | 39 (35 – 43) | 39 (35 – 44) | 38 (34 – 42) | <0.001‡ |
| Potassium | 3.6 (3.2 – 4.0) | 3.6 (3.2 – 4.0) | 3.6 (3.2 – 4.0) | 0.53‡ |
| Ionized Calcium | 5.5 (4.9 – 6.1) | 5.5 (4.9 – 6.1) | 5.4 (4.9 – 6.0) | 0.04‡ |
| Infusions upon PCICU admission | ||||
| Calcium Chloride | 11% (169) | 13% (146) | 5% (23) | <0.001† |
| Dopamine | 23% (368) | 26% (295) | 16% (73) | <0.001† |
| Epinephrine | 19% (304) | 21% (237) | 14% (67) | 0.002† |
| Milrinone | 67% (1063) | 68% (766) | 63% (297) | 0.07† |
| Nipride | 25% (394) | 20% (228) | 35% (166) | <0.001† |
| Aminocaproic Acid | 21% (342) | 16% (176) | 35% (166) | <0.001† |
| Dexmedetomidine | 29% (468) |
Values are represented as median (interquartile range) or % (n)
BSA: body surface area; RACHS-1: Risk Adjustment for Congenital Heart Surgery version 1; CPB: cardiopulmonary bypass; PCICU: pediatric cardiac intensive care unit
*
p-Value represents the relationship between the control and DEX groups
†
Pearson Chi-square test
‡
Wilcoxon rank-sum test
§
Due to missing data, n for the variable does not equal the total group n