Table 1.
Summary characteristics of studies included in the systematic review (n = 33 studies)
| Study characteristics | n |
|---|---|
| Year of publication | |
| 2008 | 1 |
| 2009 | 0 |
| 2010 | 2 |
| 2011 | 5 |
| 2012 | 10 |
| 2013 | 8 |
| 2014 | 7 |
| Geographical setting | |
| Asia | 10 |
| Europe | 3 |
| North America | 20 |
| Design | |
| Cross-sectional | 28 |
| Prospective | 5 |
| Age category | |
| Children | 8 |
| Adults | 25 |
| Gender | |
| Mixed | 30 |
| Women only | 3 |
| Sample size | |
| <500 | 5 |
| 500–1000 | 4 |
| 1001–2000 | 9 |
| 2001–3000 | 6 |
| 3001–4000 | 6 |
| 4001–5000 | 3 |
| Health outcomesa | |
| Diabetes | 9 |
| Prediabetes | 1 |
| Hyperglycemia | 2 |
| Overweight | 7 |
| Obesity | 7 |
| Elevated waist circumference | 5 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 6 |
| Hypertension | 3 |
| Urinary sample | |
| Spot sample | 27 |
| First-morning-void sample | 3 |
| Second-morning void sample | 1 |
| 12-h sample | 1 |
| 24-h sample | 1 |
aSome studies reported on several outcomes