Table 3. Offence types included and excluded in reported 2-year reconviction rates.

Country	Rate	Includes	Excludes	Uncertainties	Incarceration rates [7]*
Canada	41%	Offences resulting in fines or provincial sentences			118
England and Wales	59%	Fines			148
Netherlands	48%	Cases not yet settled and on appeal. Fines	Minor offences		82
Northern Ireland	47%	Fines	‘Pseudo-reconvictions’		101
Singapore	27%			Fines, minor offences, traffic offences	230
USA	36%	Jails as outcome	Jails as index disposal	Fines	716
			Traffic offences
Nordic countries
Denmark	29%		Fines and misdemeanours sanctioned outside courts		73
Finland	36%		As above		58
Iceland	27%		As above		47
Norway	20%		As above		72
Sweden	43%		As above		67

* per 100,000 national population Notes: Pseudo-reconvictions are convictions which occur after the date of the index conviction but which relate to offence(s) committed prior to that date.