Table 1.
Baseline demographics and clinical characteristics of attendees of the year 4 follow-up
| Characteristic/demographic | Total sample | Men | Women | p valuea | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | Mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or n (%) | N | Mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or n (%) | N | Mean ± SD, median (interquartile range) or n (%) | ||
| Age (years) | 831 | 67.7 ± 4.2 | 430 | 67.8 ± 4.1 | 401 | 67.6 ± 4.3 | 0.569 |
| Duration of diabetes (years) | 824 | 6 (3–11) | 425 | 6 (4–11) | 399 | 6 (3–10) | 0.236 |
| Insulin ± oral glucose-lowering treatment | 830 | 139 (16.7) | 429 | 66 (15.4) | 399 | 73 (18.2) | 0.756 |
| Oral glucose-lowering treatment alone | 830 | 526 (63.4) | 429 | 276 (64.3) | 399 | 250 (62.4) | |
| Diet alone as glucose-lowering treatment | 830 | 165 (19.9) | 429 | 87 (20.3) | 399 | 78 (19.5) | |
| Lipid-lowering treatment | 831 | 719 (86.5) | 430 | 368 (85.6) | 401 | 351 (87.5) | 0.411 |
| Hypercholesterolaemia | 831 | 770 (92.7) | 430 | 394 (91.6) | 401 | 376 (93.8) | 0.238 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/l) | 826 | 4.3 ± 0.9 | 427 | 4.2 ± 0.8 | 399 | 4.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
| HDL/total cholesterol | 826 | 0.30 ± 0.09 | 427 | 0.29 ± 0.08 | 399 | 0.32 ± 0.08 | <0.001 |
| Historical systolic BP (mmHg) | 825 | 139 ± 11 | 425 | 139 ± 10 | 400 | 139 ± 11 | 0.509 |
| Historical diastolic BP (mmHg) | 825 | 79 ± 6 | 425 | 79 ± 6 | 400 | 79 ± 6 | 0.189 |
| Clinic systolic BP (mmHg) | 829 | 133 ± 16 | 430 | 133 ± 15 | 399 | 132 ± 17 | 0.575 |
| Clinic diastolic BP (mmHg) | 829 | 69 ± 9 | 430 | 70 ± 9 | 399 | 67 ± 8.7 | <0.001 |
| Antihypertensive treatment | 826 | 684 (82.8) | 426 | 359 (84.3) | 400 | 325 (81.3) | 0.250 |
| Hypertension | 831 | 729 (87.7) | 430 | 384 (89.3) | 401 | 345 (86.0) | 0.151 |
| Poor blood pressure control | 825 | 389 (47.2) | 425 | 193 (45.4) | 401 | 196 (49.0) | 0.302 |
| Pack-years | 803 | 6 (0–30) | 410 | 17 (0–40) | 393 | 0 (0–20) | <0.001 |
| Never smoked/history of light smoking | 803 | 425 (52.9) | 420 | 166 (40.5) | 393 | 259 (65.9) | <0.001 |
| History of moderate/heavy smoking | 803 | 378 (47.1) | 420 | 422 (59.5) | 393 | 134 (34.1) | |
| Historical HbA1c (%) | 825 | 7.4 ± 0.9 | 425 | 7.3 ± 0.9 | 400 | 7.5 ± 0.9 | 0.061 |
| Historical HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 825 | 57 ± 10 | 425 | 56 ± 10 | 400 | 59 ± 10 | |
| Clinic HbA1c (%) | 804 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 415 | 7.4 ± 1.2 | 389 | 7.4 ± 1.1 | 0.386 |
| Clinic HbA1c (mmol/mol) | 804 | 57 ± 12 | 415 | 57 ± 13 | 389 | 57 ± 12 | |
| Clinic plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 821 | 7.2 (6.2–8.4) | 424 | 7.3 (6.3–8.5) | 397 | 7.1 (6.0–8.2) | 0.059 |
| Poor glycaemic control | 825 | 560 (67.9) | 425 | 279 (65.6) | 400 | 281 (70.3) | 0.157 |
| History of severe hypoglycaemia | 816 | 77 (9.4) | 425 | 33 (7.8) | 391 | 44 (11.3) | 0.089 |
| Diabetic retinopathy | 819 | 266 (32.5) | 424 | 155 (36.6) | 395 | 111 (28.1) | 0.010 |
| Waist–hip ratio | 828 | 0.97 ± 0.08 | 429 | 1.00 ± 0.06 | 399 | 0.93 ± 0.07 | <0.001 |
| Carotid intima-media thickness (mm) | 775 | 1.00 ± 0.17 | 399 | 1.03 ± 0.18 | 376 | 0.96 ± 0.16 | <0.001 |
| Myocardial infarction | 831 | 111 (13.4) | 430 | 83 (19.3) | 401 | 28 (7.0) | <0.001 |
| Angina | 831 | 222 (26.7) | 430 | 137 (31.9) | 401 | 85 (21.2) | 0.001 |
| Stroke | 831 | 44 (5.3) | 430 | 32 (7.4) | 401 | 12 (3.0) | 0.004 |
| Transient ischaemic attack | 831 | 27 (3.2) | 430 | 16 (3.7) | 401 | 11 (2.7) | 0.427 |
Total N = 831
Poor glycaemic control was defined as historical HbA1c >7% (>53 mmol/mol). Poor blood pressure control was defined as historical systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or historical diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg. Hypertension was defined as systolic BP ≥140 mmHg and/or diastolic BP ≥85 mmHg at the clinic visit and/or self-reported medication prescribed by a doctor to lower blood pressure. Hypercholesterolaemia was defined as plasma total cholesterol ≥5 mmol/l and/or when a participant self-reported medication prescribed by a doctor to lower blood lipid level. Never smoked/history of light smoking was defined as <10 pack-years. History of moderate/heavy smoking was defined as ≥10 pack-years. Carotid intima-media thickness was measured at year 1 follow-up. Diabetic retinopathy was defined as mild or moderate/severe retinopathy on seven-field retinal photographs. History of severe hypoglycaemia was defined as self-reported history of at least one episode of hypoglycaemia requiring assistance by another person (for details, see [32])
a p value for sex difference in χ 2 tests or t tests