Table 2.
Factors Associated With Prevalent Anogenital Warts at Enrollment Among 1137 High-Risk Men in Kenya
| Characteristics and Behaviors | Anogenital Wart Proportion (%) | Bivariate Analysis |
Multivariate Analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Wald P Value | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Wald P Value | ||
| Age group | .48 | ||||
| 18–24 yr | 11/498 (2.2) | Referent | |||
| 25–34 yr | 16/464 (3.4) | 1.58 (.73–3.44) | |||
| >34 yr | 6/175 (3.4) | 1.57 (.57–4.32) | |||
| Genital syndrome at current visita,b | .14 | ||||
| No | 15/659 (2.3) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 18/478 (3.4) | 1.68 (.84–3.36) | |||
| HIV-1 status (serologic testing) | <.001 | <.001 | |||
| Uninfected | 20/999 (2.0) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Infected | 13/138 (9.4) | 5.09 (2.47–10.49) | 5.43 (2.03–11.29) | ||
| Circumcised (physical examination finding) | .61 | ||||
| No | 2/99 (2.0) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 30/1035 (2.9) | 1.45 (.34–6.15) | |||
| Education | .13 | ||||
| Primary or lower | 21/577 (3.6) | Referent | |||
| Secondary | 7/438 (1.6) | 0.43 (.18–1.02) | |||
| Higher/tertiary | 5/122 (4.1) | 1.13 (.42–3.06) | |||
| Ever married | .56 | ||||
| No | 23/842 (2.7) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 10/295 (3.4) | 1.25 (.59–2.66) | |||
| Employment | .96 | ||||
| None | 9/333 (2.7) | Referent | |||
| Self | 16/529 (3.0) | 1.12 (.49–2.57) | |||
| Formal | 8/275 (2.9) | 1.08 (.41–2.83) | |||
| Use of any soap in past week (self report)a | .61 | .47 | |||
| No | 3/78 (3.8) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 30/1056 (2.8) | 0.73 (.21–2.45) | 0.63 (.19–2.16) | ||
| Soap dose in past week (self report)a | .49 | ||||
| None (did not use soap at all) | 3/78 (3.8) | Referent | |||
| 1 (1–7 times/week) | 12/352 (3.4) | 0.88 (.24–3.20) | |||
| 2 (8–14 times/week) | 17/554 (3.0) | 0.79 (.23–2.77) | |||
| 3 (15–21 times/week) | 1/136 (0.7) | 0.19 (.02–1.81) | |||
| Number of sex partners in past montha | .49 | ||||
| None | 2/73 (2.7) | Referent | |||
| 1 | 6/210 (2.9) | 1.04 (.21–5.29) | |||
| 2–4 | 17/482 (3.5) | 1.30 (.29–5.74) | |||
| >4 | 8/372 (2.1) | 0.78 (.16–3.75) | |||
| Condom use for anal sex in past weeka | .61 | ||||
| No anal sex | 10/436 (2.3) | Referent | |||
| All protected | 1/25 (4.0) | 1.78 (.22–14.40) | |||
| Any unprotected | 22/676 (3.2) | 1.43 (.67–3.06) | |||
| Condom use for any sexual activity in past weeka | .15 | ||||
| No sexual activity | 11/245 (4.5) | Referent | |||
| All protected | 8/231 (3.5) | 0.76 (.30–1.93) | |||
| Any unprotected | 14/660 (2.1) | 0.46 (.21–1.03) | |||
| Group sex in past 3 monthsa | .85 | ||||
| No | 29/977 (2.9) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 4/157 (2.5) | 0.85 (.29–2.46) | |||
| Sex work in past 3 monthsa,c | .53 | ||||
| No | 12/473 (2.5) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 21/661 (3.2) | 1.26 (.61–2.59) | |||
| Gender of sex partners in past 3 monthsa | .48 | ||||
| Men and women | 23/676 (3.4) | Referent | |||
| Only men | 4/176 (2.3) | 0.67 (.23–1.93) | |||
| Only women | 6/285 (2.1) | 0.61 (.25–1.51) | |||
| Alcohol use in past montha | .67 | ||||
| None | 1/81 (1.2) | Referent | |||
| None with sex | 14/460 (3.0) | 2.51 (.32–19.36) | |||
| Yes with sex | 18/593 (3.0) | 2.50 (.33–19.01) | |||
| Insertive anal sex in past weeka | .40 | ||||
| No | 20/608 (3.29) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 13/529 (2.46) | 0.74 (.37–1.50) | |||
| Receptive anal sex in past weeka | .47 | ||||
| No | 15/587 (2.6) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 18/550 (3.3) | 1.29 (.64–2.59) | |||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; OR, odds ratio; PMNs, polymorphonuclear cells.
a Updated at each visit.
b Defined as having a diagnosis of urethritis (defined as 5 or more PMNs per high-power field on a Gram-stained urethral smear), proctitis (defined as 5 or more PMNs per high-power field on a Gram-stained rectal smear), or genital ulceration (any ulceration, either penile or perianal, on physical exam).
c Sex work was defined as having received cash, living expenses, or goods in exchange for sex.