Table 3.
Factors Associated With Incident Anogenital Warts Among 1104 High-Risk Men in Kenya
| Characteristics and Behaviors | Warts/Per PY | Incidence/100 PY (95% CI) | Bivariate Analysis |
Multivariate Analysis |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Wald P Value | Adjusted Hazard Ratio (95% CI) | Wald P Value | |||
| Age group | .10 | |||||
| 18–24 yr | 34/485.2 | 7.0 (5.0–9.8) | Referent | |||
| 25–34 yr | 40/803.5 | 5.0 (3.7–6.8) | 0.71 (.45–1.12) | |||
| >34 yr | 13/358.4 | 3.6 (2.1–6.2) | 0.52 (.27–.99) | |||
| Genital syndrome at current visita,b | <.001 | <.001 | ||||
| No | 47/1390.4 | 3.4 (2.5–4.5) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 40/256.7 | 15.6 (11.4–21.2) | 5.10 (3.27–7.95) | 4.78 (3.03–7.56) | ||
| HIV-1 status (serologic testing) | .09 | .04 | ||||
| Uninfected | 63/1330.7 | 4.7 (3.7–6.1) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Infected | 24/316.4 | 7.6 (5.1–11.3) | 1.50 (.94–2.41) | 1.66 (1.01–2.72) | ||
| Circumcised (physical examination finding) | .15 | |||||
| No | 11/130.5 | 8.4 (4.7–15.2) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 76/1493.3 | 5.1 (4.1–6.4) | 0.61 (.32–1.14) | |||
| Education | .26 | |||||
| Primary or lower | 39/864.0 | 4.5 (3.3–6.2) | Referent | |||
| Secondary | 40/624.7 | 6.4 (4.7–8.7) | 1.45 (.93–2.26) | |||
| Higher/tertiary | 8/158.4 | 5.1 (2.5–10.1) | 1.20 (.57–2.58) | |||
| Ever married | .06 | .23 | ||||
| No | 68/1130.9 | 6.0 (4.7–7.6) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 19/516.2 | 3.7 (2.3–5.8) | 0.62 (.37–1.04) | 0.71 (.42–1.23) | ||
| Employment | .78 | |||||
| None | 21/413.3 | 5.1 (3.3–7.8) | Referent | |||
| Self | 42/797.4 | 5.3 (3.9–7.1) | 1.12 (.66–1.90) | |||
| Formal | 24/436.4 | 5.5 (3.7–8.2) | 1.23 (.68–2.22) | |||
| Use of any soap in past week (self report)a | .28 | .49 | ||||
| No | 6/66.2 | 9.1 (4.1–20.2) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 79/1567.5 | 5.0 (4.0–6.3) | 0.61 (.26–1.40) | 0.74 (.32–1.74) | ||
| Soap dose in past week (self report)a | .58 | |||||
| None (did not use soap at all) | 6/66.2 | 9.1 (4.1–20.2) | Referent | |||
| 1 (1–7 times/week) | 16/335.9 | 4.8 (2.9–7.8) | 0.57 (.22–1.45) | |||
| 2 (8–14 times/week) | 44/949.8 | 4.6 (3.4–6.2) | 0.57 (.24–1.34) | |||
| 3 (15–21 times/week) | 17/270.6 | 6.3 (3.9–10.1) | 0.71 (.28–1.83) | |||
| Number of sex partners in past montha | .23 | |||||
| None | 16/384.0 | 4.2 (2.6–6.8) | Referent | |||
| 1 | 18/473.7 | 3.8 (2.4–6.0) | 0.85 (.43–1.68) | |||
| 2–4 | 29/525.5 | 5.5 (3.8–7.9) | 1.13 (.60–2.11) | |||
| >4 | 24/263.8 | 9.1 (6.1–13.6) | 1.60 (.83–3.13) | |||
| Condom use for anal sex in past weeka | .21 | |||||
| No anal sex | 39/921.6 | 4.2 (3.1–5.8) | Referent | |||
| All protected | 11/100.8 | 10.9 (6.0–19.7) | 1.90 (.96–3.78) | |||
| Any unprotected | 37/624.7 | 5.9 (4.3–8.2) | 1.07 (.67–1.72) | |||
| Condom use for any sexual activity in past weeka | .47 | |||||
| No sexual activity | 33/640.6 | 5.2 (3.7–7.2) | Referent | |||
| All protected | 20/454.8 | 4.4 (2.8–6.8) | 0.81 (.46–1.40) | |||
| Any unprotected | 34/549.1 | 6.2 (4.4–8.7) | 1.13 (.70–1.83) | |||
| Group sex in past 3 moa | .28 | |||||
| No | 76/1531 | 5.0 (4.0–6.2) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 9/102.8 | 8.8 (4.6–16.8) | 1.50 (.75–3.02) | |||
| Sex work in past 3 moa,c | .025 | .26 | ||||
| No | 38/1003.2 | 3.8 (2.8–5.2) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Yes | 47/630.7 | 7.5 (5.6–9.9) | 1.65 (1.06–2.57) | 1.31 (.82–2.11) | ||
| Gender of sex partners in past 3 moa | .053 | .61 | ||||
| Men and women | 65/1130.2 | 5.8 (4.5–7.3) | Referent | Referent | ||
| Only men | 13/158.8 | 8.2 (4.8–14.1) | 1.45 (.79–2.64) | 0.88 (.46–1.70) | ||
| Only women | 9/358.1 | 2.5 (1.3–4.8) | 0.48 (.21–1.06) | 0.68 (.30–1.53) | ||
| Alcohol use in past montha | .36 | |||||
| None | 8/209.5 | 3.8 (1.9–7.6) | Referent | |||
| None with sex | 38/805.6 | 4.7 (3.4–6.5) | 0.74 (.30–1.84) | |||
| Yes with sex | 39/618.7 | 6.3 (4.6–8.6) | 1.02 (.42–2.47) | |||
| Insertive anal sex in past weeka | .65 | |||||
| No | 58/1133.3 | 5.1 (4.0–6.6) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 29/513.8 | 5.6 (3.9–8.1) | 0.90 (.57–1.42) | |||
| Receptive anal sex in past weeka | .13 | |||||
| No | 49/1118.1 | 4.4 (3.3–5.8) | Referent | |||
| Yes | 38/529.0 | 7.2 (5.2–9.9) | 1.40 (.90–2.16) | |||
Abbreviations: CI, confidence interval; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; PMNs, polymorphonuclear cells; PY, person-years.
aUpdated at each visit.
bDefined as having a diagnosis of urethritis (defined as 5 or more PMNs per high-power field on a Gram-stained urethral smear), proctitis (defined as 5 or more PMNs per high-power field on a Gram-stained rectal smear), or genital ulceration (any ulceration, either penile or perianal, on physical exam).
cSex work was defined as having received cash, living expenses, or goods in exchange for sex.