Table 4.
Control | Cornflakes | Oat porridge | ||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre | Post | Change | Pre | Post | Change | Pre | Post | Change | ||||||||||
Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | Mean | sem | |
Serum glucose (mmol/l) | 5·1 | 0·1 | 5·0 | 0·1 | −0·1 | 0·1 | 5·1 | 0·1 | 5·1 | 0·1 | −0·04 | 0·2 | 4·8 | 0·1 | 5·0 | 0·1 | 0·2 | 0·1 |
Glycated albumin (mg/g) | 0·97 | 0·02 | 0·9 | 0·02 | −0·01 | 0·02 | 0·93 | 0·02 | 0·91 | 0·02 | −0·02 | 0·01 | 0·96 | 0·02 | 0·93 | 0·02 | −0·03 | 0·03 |
Serum insulin (pmol/l) | 143·4 | 23·2 | 128·2 | 15·1 | −15·1 | 15·0 | 134·3 | 16·4 | 132·0 | 15·2 | −2·3 | 11·5 | 121·2 | 16·9 | 117·3 | 15·5 | −7·1 | 6·5 |
Plasma leptin (μg/l) | 21·5 | 4·6 | 19·5 | 4·2 | −2·0 | 1·8 | 20·2 | 4·6 | 22·5 | 4·3 | 2·3 | 1·2 | 24·5 | 4·6 | 23·1 | 4·2 | −1·4 | 2·3 |
HOMA-IR | 4·7 | 0·8 | 4·1 | 0·5 | −0·6 | 0·5 | 4·3 | 0·5 | 4·3 | 0·5 | −0·1 | 0·3 | 3·8 | 0·6 | 3·8 | 0·6 | 0·1 | 0·2 |
Plasma cholesterol (mmol/l) | ||||||||||||||||||
Total | 5·6 | 0·5 | 5·9 | 0·5 | 0·4 | 0·1 | 5·3 | 0·3 | 5·2* | 0·3 | −0·1* | 0·2 | 5·1 | 0·3 | 4·9* | 0·3 | −0·3* | 0·1 |
HDL | 1·12 | 0·11 | 1·16 | 0·12 | 0·04 | 0·03 | 1·25 | 0·10 | 1·30 | 0·10 | 0·05 | 0·05 | 1·02 | 0·41 | 1·01 | 0·05 | −0·02 | 0·03 |
LDL | 3·70 | 0·39 | 3·86 | 0·48 | 0·16 | 0·21 | 3·53 | 0·24 | 3·41 | 0·22 | −0·12 | 0·17 | 3·50 | 0·32 | 3·19 | 0·28 | −0·30 | 0·15 |
Plasma TAG (mmol/l) | 1·66 | 0·41 | 1·77 | 0·41 | 0·11 | 0·15 | 1·07 | 0·20 | 1·05 | 0·14 | −0·02 | 0·15 | 1·34 | 0·25 | 1·48 | 0·30 | 0·14 | 0·19 |
HOMA-IR, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance.
*Mean value was significantly different from that of the control group (P < 0·05).
†The effect of breakfast group was analysed using ANOVA for pre-intervention measures, and ANCOVA with the pre-intervention value as a covariate for the post-intervention and for the change (post–pre) in measures.