Table 5.
Estimated total polyphenol consumption in several countries*
| % Contribution | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Reference | Country | Subject number and age | Sex | Analytical method | Type of food (items) | Total polyphenol consumption (mean (sd); mg/d) | Beverages | Fruits | Vegetables | Cereals | Chocolates | Beans and seeds | Seasoning | Major source (% contribution) |
| Saura-Calixto et al. (2007)(39) | Spain | 6000 | – | Folin | Food and beverages (72*) | 1106 (16)* | 55 | 12 | 9 | 16 | – | 7 | 1 | – |
| Ovaskainen et al. (2008)(10) | Finland | 2007; 25–64 years | M, F | HPLC | Food and beverages (110) | 863 (415) | 74 | 9 | 3 | 12 | 0·04 | – | – | Coffee (63), tea (9), berries (4), potatoes (2) |
| Pérez-Jiménez et al. (2011)(12) | France | 4942; 45–60 years | M, F | HPLC | Food and beverages (452) | 1193 (510) | 63 | 17 | 7 | 4 | 6 | 0·7 | 0·03 | Coffee (44), tea (9), apples (6), red wine (6), dark chocolate (6) |
| Zujko et al. (2012)(40) | Poland | 6661; 20–74 years | M, F | Folin | Food and beverages (96) | 1147 | 41 | 18 | 21 | 14 | 3 | 3 | – | – |
| Fukushima et al. (present study) | Japan | 109; 21–56 years | F | Folin | Food and beverages (77) | 849 (403) | 79 | 1 | 4 | 5 | 3 | 2 | 6 | Coffee (47), green tea (16), black tea (6), chocolate (3), beer (3), soya sauce (3) |
| Fukushima et al. (2009)(5) | Japan | 8768; 10–59 years | M, F | Folin | Beverages only (10) | 853 (512) | – | – | – | – | – | – | – | Coffee (50), green tea (34), black tea (7), oolong tea (4), barley tea (2) |
M, male; F, female.
* Food items were pooled into seven food groups for analysis. Extractable polyphenols were expressed to compare with the other studies.