TABLE 5.
Mixed M. tuberculosis infections revealed by MIRU-VNTR-based methods across the literature
| Geographic regiona | Total no. of cases | No. (%) of mixed infectionsb | Corresponding SIT, lineage (n, %) of mixed infections | No. of loci (order of relevant loci by the no. of mixed infections detected)c | Reference or source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| AFR | |||||
| Rwandad | 22 | 1 (4.3) | SIT52, T2 (1, 100) | 12 (J = H) | 43 |
| South Africae | 54 | 10 (18.5) | SIT53, T1 (10, 100) | 15 (T = O > C > V > M = Q = S > K = F > J = D = H > N) | 9 |
| Uganda (Kampala) | 113 | 8 (7.1) | No description | 15 (J > F > Q > D = H = M = O > T > K = C = B > S = U = V) | 8 |
| Malawi (Karonga) | 72 | 2 (2.8)f | LAM11_ZWE (1, 50); T1 (1, 50) | 24 (no report) | 31 |
| South Africa (KwaZulu-Natal) | 56 | 5 (9) | SIT34, S (1, 20); SIT52, T2 (1, 20); SIT54, Manu2 (1, 20); SIT1196, undesignated (1, 20); no SIT (1, 20) | 24 (M > J = K = E = L > F = C = H = N = Q = S = O = I = G = P = R) | 7 |
| Uganda (Mubende) | 72 | 8 (11.1) | SIT53/137,g T1/X2g (1, 12.5); SIT52, T2-Uganda I (1, 12.5); SIT420, T2-Uganda II (1, 12.5); others not reported | 15 (T > U > K = C = F > D = J > V = S = Q = N > B = H > M) | 46 |
| Botswana | 370 | 18 (4.9) | No description | 24 (no report) | 44 |
| EUR | |||||
| Belgium (Brussels) | 2 | 1 | No description | 12 (A = C = H = I) | 47 |
| Spain (Almería) | 780 | 11 (1.4) | No description | 24 (not clear) | 27 |
| MECA | |||||
| Bangladesh (Mymensingh) | 97 | 2 (2.1)f | Non-Beijing (2, 100) | 13 (H = B > M = J = D = F = S = N = C = V = X) | 15 |
| Georgia (near Tbilisi)h | 199 | 26 (13.1)f | No description | 15 (N > Q > C = F = H > M = J = D = K = U > V > S > O > T > B) | 2 |
| Kyrgyzstan (near Bishkek) | 56 | 3 (5.4) | SIT264, T5-RUS1 (1, 33.3); SIT53, T1 (1, 33.3); one not reported | 12 (F > A = C = H = I > D) | 30 |
| Uzbekistan (Tashkent)h | 7 | 4 (57.9) | SIT53, T1 (1, 25); SIT262, H3 (1, 25); SIT1196, undesignated (1, 25); unknown (1, 25) | 24 (T > J = O = K = Q = F > D = H = S > N = M = A = C = I) | 12 |
| FEA | |||||
| China (Shanghai)i | 249 | 2 (0.8) | Non-Beijing (1, 50); non-Beijing and Beijing (1, 50) | 7 (O > U = W) | 25 |
| Vietnam (Rural South)h | 1,248 | 60 (4.8) | EAI (33, 55); Manu2 (2, 3.3); Beijing (2, 3.3); CAS1-DELHI (1, 1.7); non-Beijing (1, 1.7); others not reported | 15 (no report) | 14 |
| China (Sichuan) | 499 | 12 (2.4) | SIT54, Manu2 (4, 33.3); SIT1096, Manu2 (3, 25); SIT1, Beijing (2, 16.7); orphan, Manu2 (1, 8.3); SIT2276, unknown (1, 8.3); SIT393, T1 (1, 8.3) | 24 (J = Q > T = O = C = L > U > H = N = K > F = I = V = D > G = E = R) | This study |
AFR, Africa; EUR, Europe; MECA, Middle-East and central Asia; FEA, Far-East Asia.
The proportion of mixed infections in some studies may not be representative of the underlying population, since patients in special circumstances, such as those from a hospital or prison or with an age in a specific range, were selected by the corresponding researchers.
A = 154, B = 580, C = 960, D = 1644, E = 2531, F = 2996, G = 3007, H = 3192, I = 4348, J = 802, K = 2165, L = 2461, M = 577, N = 424, O = 1955, P = 2347, Q = 2401, R = 3171, S = 3690, T = 2163b, U = 4052, V = 4156, W = VNTR3820, X = QUB1982, and the bold capital loci indicate three alleles.
The patients in Rwanda were from four provinces, Kigali, Butare, Ruhengeri, and Rwamagana.
The patients were from eight of the nine provinces of South Africa, including Eastern Cape, Limpopo, North West, Free State, Mpumalanga, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, and Western Cape.
Mixed infections were detected by spoligotyping, IS6110-restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), or PCR amplification using different primers and confirmed with the MIRU-VNTR method.
Corresponding SIT/lineage; the SIT53/T1 and SIT137/X2 isolates were from sputum and lymph node samples, respectively.
The number of mixed infections was different between the IS6110-RFLP method and the MIRU-VNTR method in this publication, while in our study, it was in accordance with the definition of the MIRU-VNTR method mentioned in the introduction in the text.
The isolates belonged to Beijing/non-Beijing based on deletion-targeted multiplex-PCR (DTM-PCR) genotyping, not spoligotyping.