FIG 7.

Antiviral activities of cytokines and IFN combinations. (A) Huh-7 cells were seeded for overnight incubation in microwell plates precoated with micro-electronic chip electrodes. The cells were treated with the indicated cytokines and combinations with IFN-α and challenged with VSV at an MOI of 1. The CPE was monitored at 15-min intervals in real time. The cell index, representing live-cell activity in relation to time postinfection is presented as means ± SEM from triplicate wells. (B) Huh-7 cells were treated with the indicated cytokines in the presence or absence of IFN-α (10 IU/ml) for 16 h and then infected with VSV at an MOI of 1 for 6 h. Total RNA was extracted, and VSV nucleocapsid P RNA levels were assayed by RT-qPCR with primers specific for VSV P RNA. GAPDH mRNA was used as a control. UD, undetectable. (C) WISH cells were seeded in microwell plates precoated with micro-electronic chip electrodes. The cells were treated with the indicated cytokines and/or combinations with IFN-α and challenged with EMCV at an MOI of 0.1. The CPE was monitored at 15-min intervals in real time. The cell index, representing live-cell activity in relation to time postinfection, is presented as means ± SEM from triplicate wells. The results are from one representative experiment out of two. The horizontal line shows ED₅₀ readings. (D) Confluent A549 lung cells were treated with cytokines (3 nM) in the presence or absence of IFN-α (100 IU/ml) for 16 h. The cells were infected with the human influenza virus H1N1 for 6 h, and then the RNA was extracted and assayed for H1N1 NS1 RNA using RT-qPCR with primers specific for H1N1 NS1. GAPDH was also measured as a control. *, P < 0.05; **, P < 0.01; ***, P < 0.001.