FIGURE 3.

C2-ceramide treatments. Protoplasts isolated from 3-week-old wild-type, ncer1 mutant, and ncer1 ncer3 double mutant plants were treated with 50 μM C2-ceramide for 24 h (A,C) or 48 h (B,D). One thousandth of ethanol was used as the solvent control. Protoplast viability was measured by staining with fluorescein diacetate. Letters indicate statistically different values using a Student’s Newman–Keulst test (p < 0.05). For each treatment, at least 500 protoplasts were counted. Error bars indicate SD from three independent experiments.