Table 5.

Properties of small multi-charged organic molecules taken from the literature.

Sample	Number of Charged Residues	Mobility, m.u.	Mobility Ratio1	Reference
2-Naphthalenesulfonic acid	−1	3.37	0.50	[19]
Naphthalene-2,6-disulfonic acid	−2	5.49	0.82
Naphthalene-1,3,6-trisulfonic acid	−3	6.75	1.00
AZO-3,6′,6′-trisulfonic acid	−3	5.52	0.70
AZO-3,6,3′,6′-tetrasulfonic acid	−4	6.71	0.85
AZO-3,6,3′,6′,8′-pentasulfonic acid	−5	7.73	0.98
AZO-3,6,8,3′,6′,8′-hexasulfonic acid	−6	7.89	1.00
Benzoic acid	−1	3.37	0.35	[18]
o-Phthalic acid	−2	5.35	0.61
Trimesic acid	−3	6.47	0.83
Pyromellitic acid	−4	7.30	1.00
Dichondroitin ΔDi-0S	−1	1.66	0.35
Dichondroitinesulfate ΔDi-4S	−2	2.87	0.61
Dichondroitinesulfate ΔDi-diSB	−3	3.94	0.83
Dichondroitinesulfate ΔDi-triS	−4	4.73	1.00
cAMP	−1	1.86	0.45	[33]
AMP	−2	2.77	0.69
ADP	−3	3.67	0.90
ATP	−4	4.09	1.00

¹Mobility ratio = mobility (charge variant) / mobility (most highly charged derivative).