Table 3.

Summary of significant positive associations among 54 studies included in systematic review of antihistamines and birth defects

	Cohort		Case-Control
	N [References]	Number of studies showing any significantly increased risks [References]	References	Number of studies showing any significantly increased risks [References]
H1-receptor antagonists
Brompheniramine	1 [25]	0	0
Chlorpheniramine	2 [25, 27]	0	2 [43, 54]	2 [43, 54]
Chlorocyclizine	0		1 [48]	0
Chloropyramine	0		1 [45]	0
Clemastine	1 [12]	0	1 [3]	1 [3]
Cyclizine	4 [12, 13, 15, 16]	0	1 [46]	0
Cyclizine/meclizine	1 [18]	0	0
Dimenhydrinate	0		3 [3, 49, 51]	1 [51]
Diphenhydramine	4 [13, 14, 25, 26]	0	5 [3, 43, 46, 53, 54]	4 [3, 42, 46, 54]
Doxylamine	2 [20, 21]	0	3 [3, 53, 54]	2 [3, 54]
Hydroxyzine	2 [22, 23]	0	1 [3]	1 [3]
Meclizine	6 [12, 13, 14, 16, 17, 19]	0	1 [3]	1 [3]
Pheniramine*	0		1 [3]	1 [3]
Promethazine	5 [12, 13, 14, 25, 28]	1 [14]	5 [3, 43, 47, 50, 53]	2 [3, 50]
Triprolidine	2 [25, 26]	0	1 [3]	0
Astemizole	1 [34]	0	0
Cetirizine	3 [12, 22, 35]	0	2 [3, 53]	0
Fexofenadine	0		1 [3]	0
Loratadine	5 [12, 29-31, 33]	1 [30]	6 [3, 54-58]	1 [3]
Terfenadine	2 [12, 32]	0	0
H2-receptor antagonists
Cimetidine	2 [59,64]	0	1[67]	0†
Famotidine	1 [63]	0	0
Ranitidine	2 [63,64]	0	1 [66]	0
Unspecified antihistamines	1 [65]	0	4 [36-39]	0

^*Pheniramine = brompheniramine or chlorpheniramine

^†Borderline significant association (Odds Ratio 3.1; 95% Confidence Interval 0.9-10.8) in Bánhidy et al. 2011⁶⁷