Table 1.
Factors associated with rs1799964 and rs1800629 allele variants of the TNF gene
| Allele variant/factor | Wild type | Heterozygote | Difference (95% CI) | Homozygote mutant | Difference (95% CI) | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| rs1799964 | −1031TT | −1031TC | −1031CC | |||
| n | 356 | 200 | 25 | |||
| Age (months) | 33.4 ± 15.5 | 31.9 ± 16.1 | −1.5 (−4.2,1.2) | 28.06 ± 14.9 | −5.3 (−11.6, 0.99) | 0.18 |
| Sex (%male) | 48.0% (171) | 48.0% (96) | 0.0% (−8.6%, 8.6%) | 44.0% (11) | −4.0% (−22.1%, 15.6%) | 0.93 |
| Haemoglobin concentration, g/L | 102.7 ± 12.3 | 103.4 ± 13.8 | 0.0 (−2.1,2.1) | 101.5 ± 10.4 | −1.2 (−6.2, 3.8) | 0.71 |
| Anaemia, % (n)a | 69.1% (246) | 66.0% (132) | −3.1% (−11.3%, 4.9%) | 76.0% (19) | 6.9% (−13.1%, 20.4%) | 0.50 |
| Plasmodium infection, % (n) | 43.8% (156) | 43.0% (86) | −0.8% (−9.3%, 7.8%) | 36.0% (9) | −7.8% (−24.4%, 12.3%) | 0.75 |
| Inflammation, % (n)b | 32.3% (114) | 32.0% (64) | 0.0% (−7.9%, 8.2%) | 32.0% (8) | −0.3% (−15.6%, 19.8%) | 0.58 |
| Mosquito net use, % (n)c | 32.9% (117) | 32.0% (64) | −0.1% (−8.8%, 7.3%) | 32.0% (8) | −0.9% (−16.5%, 19.3%) | 0.99 |
| Distance from homestead to dispensary, kmd | 3.5 ± 2.1 | 3.5 ± 2.2 | 0.0 (−0.4, 0.4) | 3.8 ± 2.6 | 0.3 (−0.6, 1.2) | 0.90 |
| Anthropometric indices | ||||||
| Height-for-age z-score | −2.45 ± 0.70 | −2.38 ± 0.69 | 0.07 (−0.05, 0.19) | −2.48 ± 0.78 | −0.03 (−0.32, 0.26) | 0.48 |
| Weight-for-height z-score | −0.18 ± 0.81 | −0.04 ± 0.85 | 0.14 (0.00, 0.28) | 0.23 ± 1.00 | 0.41 (0.08, 0.75) | 0.02 |
| Weight-for-age z-score | −1.63 ± 0.74 | −1.52 ± 0.75 | 0.11 (−0.02, 0.24) | −1.42 ± 0.76 | 0.21 (−0.09, 0.51) | 0.13 |
| rs1800629 | −308GG | −308GA | −308AA | |||
| n | 477 | 104 | 3 | |||
| Age | 32.1 ± 15.7 | 34.8 ± 15.3 | 2.7 (−0.6, 6.0) | 47.08 ± 11.7 | 15.0 (−2.9, 32.8) | 0.08 |
| Sex (% male) | 46.8% (223) | 53.8% (56) | 7% (−4%, 17%) | 66.7% (2) | 20% (−26%, 48%) | 0.34 |
| Haemoglobin concentration, g/L | 102.3 ± 12.8 | 105.2 ± 12.2 | 2.9 (0.2, 5.6) | 105.0 ± 19.2 | 2.7 (−11.9, 17.3) | 0.10 |
| Anaemia, % (n)a | 69.0% (329) | 64.4% (67) | −4.5% (−14.9%, 5.0%) | 66.7% (2) | −2.3% (−48.4%, 25.2%) | 0.54 |
| Plasmodium infection, % (n) | 41.1% (196) | 51.9% (54) | 10.8% (0.3%, 21.1%) | 66.7% (2) | 25.6% (−20.5%, 53.1%) | 0.09 |
| Inflammation, % (n)b | 31.0% (148) | 33.7% (35) | 2.6% (−6.8%, 12.9%) | 33.3% (1) | 2.3% (−25.2%, 48.4%) | 0.23 |
| Mosquito net use, % (n)c | 32.9% (157) | 30.8% (32) | −2.1% (−11.3%, 8.1%) | 33.3% (1) | 0.4% (−27.1%, 46.5%) | 0.95 |
| Distance from homestead to dispensary, kmd | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 3.6 ± 2.2 | 0.0 (−0.5, 0.5) | 3.5 ± 1.0 | −0.10 (−2.6, 2.4) | 1.00 |
| Anthropometric indices | ||||||
| Height-for-age z-score | −2.42 ± 0.69 | −2.47 ± 0.74 | −0.05 (−0.20, 0.10) | −2.69 ± 0.72 | −0.27 (−1.06, 0.52) | 0.61 |
| Weight-for-height z-score | −0.11 ± 0.84 | −0.17 ± 0.85 | −0.06 (−0.24, 0.12) | 0.07 ± 0.78 | 0.04 (−0.92, 1.00) | 0.73 |
| Weight-for-age z-score | −1.57 ± 0.75 | −1.64 ± 0.75 | −0.07 (−0.23, 0.09) | −1.56 ± 0.92 | 0.01 (−0.84, 0.86) | 0.72 |
Reference/wild type allele for TNF−1031 is T and TNF−308 is G. For both genotypes the reference/wild type allele is the common allele. p-values for the associations between each factor and the allele variants investigated. Mean ± SD or % [n] unless indicated otherwise % figures represent % with feature/% without feature (number with feature/number without feature). Difference is relative to the wild type group. The difference columns are for each variable a comparison of the heterozygotes and the homozygote mutants to the wild type.
aHaemoglobin concentration <110 g/L.
bPlasma C-reactive protein concentration ≥8 mg/L.
cData missing for 11 children.
dAs the crow flies, based measurements by global positioning system.