Table 1.

Baseline characteristics of patients with incident heart failure by instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) impairment and by gait speed impairment.

Number (%) or mean (±SD)	IADL		P-value^a	Gait Speed^b		P-value^a

	IADL=0 (n=780)	IADL ≥1 (n=359)		≥ 0.8 m/s (n=553)	< 0.8 m/s (n=566)
Age at study entry (years)	74 (±6)	76 (±6)	<0.001	73 (±5)	76 (±6)	<0.001
Age at the time of incident HF	81 (±6)	82 (±4)	0.04	80 (±6)	82 (±6)	<0.001
Female	361 (46%)	224 (62%)	<0.001	224 (41%)	345 (61%)	<0.001
Non-white race	99 (13%)	64 (18%)	0.02	56 (10%)	101 (18%)	<0.001
Married	513 (66%)	221 (62%)	0.18	396 (72%)	328 (58%)	<0.001
Education (college or higher)	325 (42%)	133 (37%)	0.15	264 (48%)	186 (33%)	<0.001
Income > $25,000	254 (33%)	99 (28%)	0.09	206 (37%)	141 (25%)	<0.001
General health fair to poor	185 (24%)	176 (49%)	<0.001	125 (23%)	235 (41%)	<0.001
Smoking (pack years)	20 (±28)	18 (±28)	0.31	17 (±27)	22 (±28)	0.002
Myocardial Infarction	109 (149%)	69 (19%)	0.02	94 (17%)	82 (14%)	0.25
Coronary artery disease	198 (25%)	126 (35%)	0.001	170 (31%)	149 (26%)	0.10
Hypertension	421 (54%)	214 (60%)	0.08	301 (54%)	324 (57%)	0.34
Diabetes mellitus	187 (24%)	85 (24%)	0.90	125 (23%)	142 (25%)	0.33
Stroke	35 (5%)	27 (8%)	0.05	27 (5%)	45 (8%)	0.11
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease	90 (11%)	74 (21%)	<0.001	76 (14%)	86 (15%)	0.49
Cancer	108 (14%)	62 (17%)	0.13	90 (16%)	77 (14%)	0.21
Kidney disease	192 (25%)	114 (32%)	0.01	138 (25%)	165 (29%)	0.11
Depression score	4.1 (±4.1)	6.4 (±5.1)	<0.001	3.9 (±3.9)	5.7 (±5.0)	<0.001
Mini Mental State Examination score	28 (±2)	27 (±3)	0.001	28 (±2)	27 (±3)	<0.001

P-values are calculated using Pearson Chi-Square tests of association for categorical variables and F tests of equal means for continuous variables.

Twenty participants had missing gait speed data.