Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants.
| Ancestry, No. (%) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| African (SCCS) | European (SCCS) | Asian (SMHS/SWHS) | ||||
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| Characteristic | Men (n = 19 341) | Women (n = 29 006) | Men (n = 8997) | Women (n = 14 420) | Men (SMHS) (n = 61 123) | Women (SWHS) (n = 73 142) |
| Age at baseline, mean (SE), y | 51.0 (0.06) | 51.9 (0.05) | 54.4 (0.10) | 53.9 (0.07) | 55.3 (0.04) | 52.5 (0.03) |
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| 40-49 | 9485 (49.0) | 13 475 (46.5) | 3199 (35.6) | 5381 (37.3) | 22 880 (37.3) | 35 904 (49.1) |
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| 50-59 | 6813 (35.2) | 9959 (34.3) | 3151 (35.0) | 5176 (35.9) | 19 104 (31.3) | 17 706 (24.2) |
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| 60-69 | 2410 (12.5) | 4179 (14.4) | 2064 (22.9) | 2982 (20.7) | 12 133 (19.8) | 19 076 (26.1) |
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| ≥70-79 (Asian) | 633 (3.3) | 1393 (4.8) | 583 (6.5) | 881 (6.1) | 7006 (11.5) | 456 (0.6) |
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| Educational levela | ||||||
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| ≤Elementary | 4013 (6.7) | 15 581 (21.3) | ||||
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| Middle school | 20 210 (33.5) | 27 210 (37.2) | ||||
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| ≤High school | 6398 (33.1) | 8523 (29.4) | 2064 (22.9) | 3423 (23.7) | 21 756 (36.1) | 20 455 (28.0) |
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| High school/vocational school | 7808 (40.4) | 11 170 (38.5) | 583 (6.5) | 5592 (38.8) | NA | NA |
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| Some or completed college | 4548 (23.6) | 8233 (28.4) | 4411 (30.6) | 14 287 (23.7) | 9883 (13.5) | |
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| >College | 576 (3.0) | 1063 (3.7) | 991 (6.9) | NA | NA | |
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| Incomeb | ||||||
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| Low | 11 265 (58.8) | 16 766 (58.5) | 1917 (21.3) | 6895 (48.6) | 7648 (12.5) | 11 754 (16.1) |
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| Lower middle | 4107 (21.5) | 6675 (23.3) | 3080 (34.3) | 2774 (19.6) | 25 959 (42.6) | 27 972 (38.2) |
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| Middle | 2529 (13.2) | 3732 (13.0) | 2915 (32.4) | 2371 (16.7) | NA | NA |
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| Upper middle | 983 (5.1) | 1254 (4.4) | 1077 (12.0) | 1577 (11.1) | 21 448 (35.2) | 20 560 (28.1) |
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| High | 257 (1.3) | 209 (0.7) | 565 (4.0) | 5941 (9.7) | 12 840 (17.6) | |
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| Occupation | ||||||
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| Professional | 3051 (15.9) | 7960 (27.7) | 2591 (33.4) | 4274 (30.0) | 16 224 (26.6) | 20 821 (28.5) |
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| Clerical | 14 464 (75.5) | 15 451 (53.7) | 5278 (59.6) | 6959 (48.8) | 13 380 (21.9) | 15 171 (20.7) |
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| Manual laborer/housewife | 538 (2.8) | 3361 (11.7) | 181 (2.0) | 2328 (16.3) | 31 450 (51.5) | 37 150 (50.8) |
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| Never worked/other | 1116 (5.8) | 1992 (6.9) | 442 (5.0) | 707 (5.0) | NA | NA |
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| Smoking | ||||||
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| Ever smoked regularly | 14 870 (77.1) | 15 001 (51.8) | 6618 (74.0) | 8795 (61.1) | 42 553 (69.6) | 2030 (2.8) |
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| Pack-years, mean (SE) | 20.3 (0.2) | 16.9 (0.1) | 36.7 (0.4) | 28.8 (0.3) | 22.5 (0.1) | NA |
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| None | 4405 (23.3) | 13 906 (48.8) | 2326 (26.8) | 5583 (39.3) | 18 753 (30.4) | NA |
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| 0 to <13 | 5960 (31.5) | 7512 (26.4) | 1334 (15.4) | 2388 (16.8) | 874 (1.3) | NA |
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| 13 to <22 | 3601 (19.0) | 3168 (11.1) | 915 (10.5) | 1485 (10.5) | 3972 (6.5) | NA |
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| 22 to <32 | 2128 (11.2) | 1824 (6.4) | 980 (11.3) | 1546 (10.9) | 20 479 (33.5) | NA |
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| ≥32 | 2837 (15.0) | 2088 (7.3) | 3114 (35.9) | 3194 (22.5) | 17 224 (28.2) | NA |
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| Alcohol consumption | ||||||
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| Ever consumed alcohol regularly | NA | NA | NA | NA | 20 597 (33.7) | 1645 (2.2) |
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| No. of drinks/d, mean (SE) | 2.1 (0.03) | 0.6 (0.01) | 1.5 (0.04) | 0.4 (0.01) | 0.8 (0.007) | NA |
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| Heavy (>3) | 3972 (20.7) | 1547 (5.4) | 3526 (13.1) | 459 (3.2) | 5673 (9.3) | NA |
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| Moderate (≤3) | 9079 (47.3) | 11 216 (38.9) | 4161 (47.0) | 5820 (40.7) | 14 617 (24.0) | NA |
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| None | 6132 (32.0) | 16 059 (55.7) | 3526 (39.9) | 8016 (56.1) | 40 526 (66.6) | NA |
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| Regular tea consumption | NA | NA | NA | NA | 41 039 (67.1) | 21 877 (29.9) |
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| BMI, mean (SE) | 27.9 (0.04) | 32.5 (0.05) | 28.8 (0.06) | 30.6 (0.07) | 23.7 (0.01) | 24.0 (0.02) |
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| Underweight (<18.5) | 243 (1.3) | 287 (1.0) | 74 (0.8) | 249 (1.7) | 2580 (4.2) | 2466 (3.4) |
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| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 6497 (33.8) | 4360 (15.3) | 2391 (26.7) | 3569 (25.0) | 38 294 (62.7) | 44 833 (61.3) |
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| Overweight (25.0-29.9) | 6760 (35.2) | 7258 (25.4) | 3393 (37.9) | 3789 (26.6) | 18 654 (30.5) | 22 076 (30.2) |
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| Obese (30.0-39.9) | 4934 (25.7) | 11 901 (41.7) | 2603 (29.1) | 4850 (34.0) | 1562 (2.6) | 3709 (5.1) |
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| Morbidly obese (≥40.0) | 766 (4.0) | 4748 (16.6) | 482 (5.4) | 1795 (12.6) | 0 | 35 (0.05) |
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| Use of vitamin supplements | 7104 (36.9) | 13 472 (46.6) | 4594 (51.5) | 8205 (57.2) | 9314 (15.2) | 14 193 (19.4) |
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| Physical activity, MET-hours, mean (SE) | 1.05 (0.01) | 0.9 (0.04) | 1.0 (0.01) | 0.9 (0.01) | 1.0 (0.01) | 1.5 (0.01) |
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| Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SE)c | 1.6 (0.01) | 2.0 (0.01) | 1.9 (0.02) | 2.2 (0.01) | 0.6 (0.004) | 0.5 (0.004) |
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| Other chronic diseases | 11 621 (60.1) | 23 783 (82.0) | 6980 (77.6) | 12 965 (89.9) | 26 013 (42.6) | 21 961 (30.0) |
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| Hypertensiond,e | 9935 (51.4) | 18 162 (62.6) | 4360 (48.5) | 7079 (49.1) | 18 201 (29.8) | 17 256 (23.6) |
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| Diabetes mellituse | 3681 (19.0) | 7221 (24.9) | 1628 (18.1) | 2889 (20.0) | 3806 (6.2) | 3130 (4.3) |
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| MI/coronary bypass surgerye | 1286 (6.6) | 1492 (5.1) | 1231 (13.7) | 990 (6.9) | NA | NA |
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| Ischemic heart diseasee | NA | NA | NA | NA | 3108 (5.1) | 5316 (7.3) |
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| High cholesterold,e | 4910 (25.5) | 9698 (33.5) | 3655 (40.7) | 6168 (42.8) | NA | NA |
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| Strokee | 1096 (5.7) | 1873 (6.5) | 603 (6.7) | 992 (6.9) | 2274 (3.7) | 842 (1.1) |
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| Antihypertension medication | 7719 (26.6) | 3914 (20.3) | 4168 (28.9) | 2616 (29.1) | 14 034 (23.0) | 11 635 (15.9) |
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| Antidiabetes medication | 6289 (21.7) | 3117 (16.1) | 2278 (15.8) | 1304 (14.5) | NA | 842 (1.1) |
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| Total energy intake, mean (SE), kcal/d | 2970.4 (10.0) | 2263.4 (7.0) | 2682.0 (12.5) | 1902.1 (7.6) | 1906.7 (1.9) | 1676.0 (1.5) |
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| Dietary intake, mean (SE), g/d | ||||||
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| Red meat | 75.5 (0.6) | 53.5 (0.4) | 83.8 (0.9) | 53.5 (0.5) | 63.0 (0.2) | 51.0 (0.1) |
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| Chicken/duckf | 72.1 (0.5) | 66.6 (0.4) | 56.2 (0.6) | 55.4 (0.5) | 16.0 (0.1) | 15.3 (0.1) |
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| Seafood | 56.3 (0.5) | 47.1 (0.3) | 35.4 (0.4) | 28.3 (0.3) | 51.7 (0.2) | 50.7 (0.2) |
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| Vegetables | 166.0 (1.0) | 180.6 (0.9) | 161.6 (1.2) | 155.2 (1.0) | 343.7 (0.8) | 296.4 (0.6) |
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| Fruits | 500.4 (3.3) | 461.5 (2.4) | 289.7 (3.1) | 266.1 (2.3) | 151.7 (0.5) | 264.6 (0.7) |
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| Family history | ||||||
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| Cancer | 7372 (38.4) | 13 425 (46.5) | 5178 (58.3) | 9046 (63.4) | 17 342 (28.4) | 19 396 (26.5) |
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| Heart disease/diabetes | 11 233 (58.5) | 19 482 (67.6) | 5746 (64.5) | 10 185 (71.4) | NA | NA |
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| Peanut/nut intake, mean (SE) [range]g | 13.1 (0.1) [0-173.2] | 10.0 (0.1) [0-134.8] | 16.4 (0.2) [0-164.4] | 9.5 (0.1) [0-102.0] | 2.4 (0.02) [0-132.5] | 1.6 (0.01) [0-79.5] |
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| Metabolic conditionh | 13 007 (67.4) | 24 478 (84.8) | 5746 (64.5) | 10 185 (71.4) | 5746 (64.5) | 10 185 (71.4) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); MET, metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not available; SCCS, Southern Community Cohort Study; SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study.
Educational levels were as follows: SCCS: high school or less, high school/vocational school, some or completed college; and beyond college. SMHS/SWHS: elementary or less, middle school, high school or less, and some or completed college.
Income levels were as follows: SCCS: low (<$15 000/y per household), lower-middle ($15 000-$24 999/y per household), middle ($25 000-$49 999/y per household), upper-middle ($50 000-$99 999/y per household), and high (≥$100 000/y per household). SMHS: low (<500 yuan/mo per capita), lower-middle (500-999 yuan/mo per capita), upper-middle (1000-1999 yuan/mo per capita), and high (>2000 yuan/mo per capita). SWHS: low (<10 000 yuan/y per household), lower-middle (10 000-19 999 yuan/y per household), upper-middle (20 000-29 999 yuan/y per household), and high (≥30 000 yuan/y per household).
Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated based on number of existing chronic diseases.
Self-reported.
Prevalence of disease conditions.
Chicken intake in the SCCS and chicken/duck intake in the SMHS/SWHS.
Nut/peanut intake quintile (Q) cut points (grams/day) were as follows: SMHS/SWHS data: Q1 (<0.14), Q2 (0.14 to <0.72), Q3 (0.72 to <1.45), Q4 (1.45 to <2.54), and Q5 (≥2.54). SCCS data: Total nuts and peanut butter: Q1 (<0.95), Q2 (0.95to<3.08), Q3 (3.08 to <7.30), Q4 (7.30 to <18.45), and Q5 (≥18.45). Nuts only: Q1 (<0.36), Q2 (0.36 to <0.66), Q3 (0.66 to <4.14), Q4 (4.14 to <8.63), and Q5 (≥8.63). Peanut butter only: Q1 (<0.19), Q2 (0.19 to <0.59), Q3 (0.59 to <2.18), Q4 (2.18 to <6.32), and Q5 (≥6.32).
One or more of the following conditions: history of hypertension or heart disease, diabetes mellitus, BMI of 30 or higher, unspecified dyslipidemia (SMHS and SWHS only), or hypercholesterolemia (SCCS only).