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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2015 Jun 19.
Published in final edited form as: JAMA Intern Med. 2015 May 1;175(5):755–766. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8347

Table 1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of Study Participants.

Ancestry, No. (%)

African (SCCS) European (SCCS) Asian (SMHS/SWHS)



Characteristic Men (n = 19 341) Women (n = 29 006) Men (n = 8997) Women (n = 14 420) Men (SMHS) (n = 61 123) Women (SWHS) (n = 73 142)
Age at baseline, mean (SE), y 51.0 (0.06) 51.9 (0.05) 54.4 (0.10) 53.9 (0.07) 55.3 (0.04) 52.5 (0.03)

 40-49 9485 (49.0) 13 475 (46.5) 3199 (35.6) 5381 (37.3) 22 880 (37.3) 35 904 (49.1)

 50-59 6813 (35.2) 9959 (34.3) 3151 (35.0) 5176 (35.9) 19 104 (31.3) 17 706 (24.2)

 60-69 2410 (12.5) 4179 (14.4) 2064 (22.9) 2982 (20.7) 12 133 (19.8) 19 076 (26.1)

 ≥70-79 (Asian) 633 (3.3) 1393 (4.8) 583 (6.5) 881 (6.1) 7006 (11.5) 456 (0.6)

Educational levela

 ≤Elementary 4013 (6.7) 15 581 (21.3)

 Middle school 20 210 (33.5) 27 210 (37.2)

 ≤High school 6398 (33.1) 8523 (29.4) 2064 (22.9) 3423 (23.7) 21 756 (36.1) 20 455 (28.0)

 High school/vocational school 7808 (40.4) 11 170 (38.5) 583 (6.5) 5592 (38.8) NA NA

 Some or completed college 4548 (23.6) 8233 (28.4) 4411 (30.6) 14 287 (23.7) 9883 (13.5)

 >College 576 (3.0) 1063 (3.7) 991 (6.9) NA NA

Incomeb

 Low 11 265 (58.8) 16 766 (58.5) 1917 (21.3) 6895 (48.6) 7648 (12.5) 11 754 (16.1)

 Lower middle 4107 (21.5) 6675 (23.3) 3080 (34.3) 2774 (19.6) 25 959 (42.6) 27 972 (38.2)

 Middle 2529 (13.2) 3732 (13.0) 2915 (32.4) 2371 (16.7) NA NA

 Upper middle 983 (5.1) 1254 (4.4) 1077 (12.0) 1577 (11.1) 21 448 (35.2) 20 560 (28.1)

 High 257 (1.3) 209 (0.7) 565 (4.0) 5941 (9.7) 12 840 (17.6)

Occupation

 Professional 3051 (15.9) 7960 (27.7) 2591 (33.4) 4274 (30.0) 16 224 (26.6) 20 821 (28.5)

 Clerical 14 464 (75.5) 15 451 (53.7) 5278 (59.6) 6959 (48.8) 13 380 (21.9) 15 171 (20.7)

 Manual laborer/housewife 538 (2.8) 3361 (11.7) 181 (2.0) 2328 (16.3) 31 450 (51.5) 37 150 (50.8)

 Never worked/other 1116 (5.8) 1992 (6.9) 442 (5.0) 707 (5.0) NA NA

Smoking

 Ever smoked regularly 14 870 (77.1) 15 001 (51.8) 6618 (74.0) 8795 (61.1) 42 553 (69.6) 2030 (2.8)

Pack-years, mean (SE) 20.3 (0.2) 16.9 (0.1) 36.7 (0.4) 28.8 (0.3) 22.5 (0.1) NA

 None 4405 (23.3) 13 906 (48.8) 2326 (26.8) 5583 (39.3) 18 753 (30.4) NA

 0 to <13 5960 (31.5) 7512 (26.4) 1334 (15.4) 2388 (16.8) 874 (1.3) NA

 13 to <22 3601 (19.0) 3168 (11.1) 915 (10.5) 1485 (10.5) 3972 (6.5) NA

 22 to <32 2128 (11.2) 1824 (6.4) 980 (11.3) 1546 (10.9) 20 479 (33.5) NA

 ≥32 2837 (15.0) 2088 (7.3) 3114 (35.9) 3194 (22.5) 17 224 (28.2) NA

Alcohol consumption

 Ever consumed alcohol regularly NA NA NA NA 20 597 (33.7) 1645 (2.2)

 No. of drinks/d, mean (SE) 2.1 (0.03) 0.6 (0.01) 1.5 (0.04) 0.4 (0.01) 0.8 (0.007) NA

  Heavy (>3) 3972 (20.7) 1547 (5.4) 3526 (13.1) 459 (3.2) 5673 (9.3) NA

  Moderate (≤3) 9079 (47.3) 11 216 (38.9) 4161 (47.0) 5820 (40.7) 14 617 (24.0) NA

  None 6132 (32.0) 16 059 (55.7) 3526 (39.9) 8016 (56.1) 40 526 (66.6) NA

Regular tea consumption NA NA NA NA 41 039 (67.1) 21 877 (29.9)

BMI, mean (SE) 27.9 (0.04) 32.5 (0.05) 28.8 (0.06) 30.6 (0.07) 23.7 (0.01) 24.0 (0.02)

 Underweight (<18.5) 243 (1.3) 287 (1.0) 74 (0.8) 249 (1.7) 2580 (4.2) 2466 (3.4)

 Normal (18.5-24.9) 6497 (33.8) 4360 (15.3) 2391 (26.7) 3569 (25.0) 38 294 (62.7) 44 833 (61.3)

 Overweight (25.0-29.9) 6760 (35.2) 7258 (25.4) 3393 (37.9) 3789 (26.6) 18 654 (30.5) 22 076 (30.2)

 Obese (30.0-39.9) 4934 (25.7) 11 901 (41.7) 2603 (29.1) 4850 (34.0) 1562 (2.6) 3709 (5.1)

 Morbidly obese (≥40.0) 766 (4.0) 4748 (16.6) 482 (5.4) 1795 (12.6) 0 35 (0.05)

Use of vitamin supplements 7104 (36.9) 13 472 (46.6) 4594 (51.5) 8205 (57.2) 9314 (15.2) 14 193 (19.4)

Physical activity, MET-hours, mean (SE) 1.05 (0.01) 0.9 (0.04) 1.0 (0.01) 0.9 (0.01) 1.0 (0.01) 1.5 (0.01)

Charlson Comorbidity Index, mean (SE)c 1.6 (0.01) 2.0 (0.01) 1.9 (0.02) 2.2 (0.01) 0.6 (0.004) 0.5 (0.004)

Other chronic diseases 11 621 (60.1) 23 783 (82.0) 6980 (77.6) 12 965 (89.9) 26 013 (42.6) 21 961 (30.0)

Hypertensiond,e 9935 (51.4) 18 162 (62.6) 4360 (48.5) 7079 (49.1) 18 201 (29.8) 17 256 (23.6)

Diabetes mellituse 3681 (19.0) 7221 (24.9) 1628 (18.1) 2889 (20.0) 3806 (6.2) 3130 (4.3)

MI/coronary bypass surgerye 1286 (6.6) 1492 (5.1) 1231 (13.7) 990 (6.9) NA NA

Ischemic heart diseasee NA NA NA NA 3108 (5.1) 5316 (7.3)

High cholesterold,e 4910 (25.5) 9698 (33.5) 3655 (40.7) 6168 (42.8) NA NA

Strokee 1096 (5.7) 1873 (6.5) 603 (6.7) 992 (6.9) 2274 (3.7) 842 (1.1)

Antihypertension medication 7719 (26.6) 3914 (20.3) 4168 (28.9) 2616 (29.1) 14 034 (23.0) 11 635 (15.9)

Antidiabetes medication 6289 (21.7) 3117 (16.1) 2278 (15.8) 1304 (14.5) NA 842 (1.1)

Total energy intake, mean (SE), kcal/d 2970.4 (10.0) 2263.4 (7.0) 2682.0 (12.5) 1902.1 (7.6) 1906.7 (1.9) 1676.0 (1.5)

Dietary intake, mean (SE), g/d

 Red meat 75.5 (0.6) 53.5 (0.4) 83.8 (0.9) 53.5 (0.5) 63.0 (0.2) 51.0 (0.1)

 Chicken/duckf 72.1 (0.5) 66.6 (0.4) 56.2 (0.6) 55.4 (0.5) 16.0 (0.1) 15.3 (0.1)

 Seafood 56.3 (0.5) 47.1 (0.3) 35.4 (0.4) 28.3 (0.3) 51.7 (0.2) 50.7 (0.2)

 Vegetables 166.0 (1.0) 180.6 (0.9) 161.6 (1.2) 155.2 (1.0) 343.7 (0.8) 296.4 (0.6)

 Fruits 500.4 (3.3) 461.5 (2.4) 289.7 (3.1) 266.1 (2.3) 151.7 (0.5) 264.6 (0.7)

Family history

 Cancer 7372 (38.4) 13 425 (46.5) 5178 (58.3) 9046 (63.4) 17 342 (28.4) 19 396 (26.5)

 Heart disease/diabetes 11 233 (58.5) 19 482 (67.6) 5746 (64.5) 10 185 (71.4) NA NA

Peanut/nut intake, mean (SE) [range]g 13.1 (0.1) [0-173.2] 10.0 (0.1) [0-134.8] 16.4 (0.2) [0-164.4] 9.5 (0.1) [0-102.0] 2.4 (0.02) [0-132.5] 1.6 (0.01) [0-79.5]

Metabolic conditionh 13 007 (67.4) 24 478 (84.8) 5746 (64.5) 10 185 (71.4) 5746 (64.5) 10 185 (71.4)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); MET, metabolic equivalent; MI, myocardial infarction; NA, not available; SCCS, Southern Community Cohort Study; SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study.

a

Educational levels were as follows: SCCS: high school or less, high school/vocational school, some or completed college; and beyond college. SMHS/SWHS: elementary or less, middle school, high school or less, and some or completed college.

b

Income levels were as follows: SCCS: low (<$15 000/y per household), lower-middle ($15 000-$24 999/y per household), middle ($25 000-$49 999/y per household), upper-middle ($50 000-$99 999/y per household), and high (≥$100 000/y per household). SMHS: low (<500 yuan/mo per capita), lower-middle (500-999 yuan/mo per capita), upper-middle (1000-1999 yuan/mo per capita), and high (>2000 yuan/mo per capita). SWHS: low (<10 000 yuan/y per household), lower-middle (10 000-19 999 yuan/y per household), upper-middle (20 000-29 999 yuan/y per household), and high (≥30 000 yuan/y per household).

c

Charlson Comorbidity Index was calculated based on number of existing chronic diseases.

d

Self-reported.

e

Prevalence of disease conditions.

f

Chicken intake in the SCCS and chicken/duck intake in the SMHS/SWHS.

g

Nut/peanut intake quintile (Q) cut points (grams/day) were as follows: SMHS/SWHS data: Q1 (<0.14), Q2 (0.14 to <0.72), Q3 (0.72 to <1.45), Q4 (1.45 to <2.54), and Q5 (≥2.54). SCCS data: Total nuts and peanut butter: Q1 (<0.95), Q2 (0.95to<3.08), Q3 (3.08 to <7.30), Q4 (7.30 to <18.45), and Q5 (≥18.45). Nuts only: Q1 (<0.36), Q2 (0.36 to <0.66), Q3 (0.66 to <4.14), Q4 (4.14 to <8.63), and Q5 (≥8.63). Peanut butter only: Q1 (<0.19), Q2 (0.19 to <0.59), Q3 (0.59 to <2.18), Q4 (2.18 to <6.32), and Q5 (≥6.32).

h

One or more of the following conditions: history of hypertension or heart disease, diabetes mellitus, BMI of 30 or higher, unspecified dyslipidemia (SMHS and SWHS only), or hypercholesterolemia (SCCS only).