Table 4. Association of Nut/Peanut Intake With Total Mortality and Cause-Specific Mortality by Race/Ethnicity and Presence/Absence of Metabolic Conditionsa.
| Cause of Death and Quintile |
No Metabolic Conditions |
At Least 1 Metabolic Condition |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| Descent (SCCS)b |
Asian Ancestry (SMHS/SWHS)c |
Descent (SCCS)b |
Asian Ancestry (SMHS/SWHS)c |
|||||||||
|
|
|
|||||||||||
| African | European | African | European | |||||||||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|||||||
| No. of Deaths |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
No. of Deaths |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
No. of Deaths |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
No. of Deaths |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
No. of Deaths |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
No. of Deaths |
Adjusted HR (95% CI) |
|
| Total | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Quintile | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1 | 148 | 1 [Reference] | 83 | 1 [Reference] | 978 | 1 [Reference] | 859 | 1 [Reference] | 379 | 1 [Reference] | 1350 | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2 | 180 | 0.87 (0.69-1.09) | 64 | 0.78 (0.55-1.11) | 498 | 0.75 (0.67-0.84) | 802 | 0.89 (0.80-0.98) | 298 | 0.80 (0.68-0.95) | 623 | 0.87 (0.79-0.96) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 3 | 123 | 0.79 (0.61-1.01) | 85 | 0.73 (0.53-1.02) | 668 | 0.82 (0.74-0.91) | 569 | 0.84 (0.75-0.94) | 307 | 0.78 (0.66-0.92) | 725 | 0.75 (0.69-0.83) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 4 | 154 | 0.80 (0.63-1.02) | 61 | 0.53 (0.36-0.77) | 809 | 0.83 (0.75-0.91) | 663 | 0.86 (0.77-0.96) | 325 | 0.79 (0.67-0.93) | 977 | 0.79 (0.73-0.86) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 5 | 162 | 0.76 (0.59-0.98) | 80 | 0.61 (0.42-0.86) | 655 | 0.83 (0.75-0.92) | 598 | 0.76 (0.68-0.86) | 297 | 0.72 (0.60-0.86) | 861 | 0.83 (0.76-0.91) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for trend | .03 | .001 | .001 | <.001 | <.001 | <.001 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for interactiond | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SMHS/SWHS | .24 | |||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SCCS | .38 | .46 | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Cancer | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Quintile | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1 | 59 | 1 [Reference] | 29 | 1 [Reference] | 446 | 1 [Reference] | 188 | 1 [Reference] | 69 | 1 [Reference] | 399 | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2 | 60 | 0.74 (0.50-1.08) | 23 | 0.75 (0.40-1.38) | 285 | 0.87 (0.75-1.02) | 174 | 0.93 (0.75-1.16) | 76 | 1.09 (0.77-1.55) | 191 | 0.86 (0.72-1.03) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 3 | 34 | 0.54 (0.35-0.85) | 27 | 0.63 (0.34-1.15) | 384 | 0.96 (0.83-1.10) | 141 | 0.98 (0.77-1.24) | 75 | 1.01 (0.71-1.45) | 262 | 0.86 (0.73-1.01) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 4 | 55 | 0.73 (0.49-1.09) | 20 | 0.56 (0.29-1.10) | 459 | 0.95 (0.83-1.08) | 161 | 0.97 (0.77-1.22) | 66 | 0.77 (0.52-1.13) | 388 | 0.97 (0.84-1.12) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 5 | 51 | 0.61 (0.40-0.94) | 23 | 0.54 (0.29-1.03) | 397 | 1.01 (0.87-1.16) | 126 | 0.79 (0.61-1.01) | 90 | 1.13 (0.77-1.65) | 321 | 0.91 (0.78-1.06) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for trend | .04 | .05 | .77 | .16 | .83 | .55 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for interactiond | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SMHS/SWHS | .82 | |||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SCCS | .45 | .17 | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| CVD | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Quintile | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1 | 24 | 1 [Reference] | 14 | 1 [Reference] | 235 | 1 [Reference] | 298 | 1 [Reference] | 119 | 1 [Reference] | 588 | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2 | 27 | 0.79 (0.44-1.39) | 9 | 0.72 (0.30-1.75) | 92 | 0.65 (0.51-0.84) | 272 | 0.85 (0.72-1.01) | 90 | 0.81 (0.60-1.08) | 272 | 0.90 (0.77-1.04) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 3 | 21 | 0.84 (0.45-1.54) | 16 | 0.80 (0.36-1.78) | 139 | 0.79 (0.63-0.97) | 193 | 0.82 (0.68-1.00) | 96 | 0.73 (0.55-0.98) | 297 | 0.73 (0.63-0.84) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 4 | 31 | 1.03 (0.58-1.82) | 8 | 0.33 (0.12-0.88) | 149 | 0.70 (0.56-0.86) | 205 | 0.79 (0.65-0.95) | 93 | 0.71 (0.53-0.96) | 360 | 0.69 (0.60-0.79) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 5 | 21 | 0.59 (0.31-1.13) | 16 | 0.58 (0.25-1.35) | 121 | 0.72 (0.58-0.91) | 216 | 0.80 (0.66-0.97) | 87 | 0.63 (0.46-0.88) | 334 | 0.77 (0.67-0.89) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for trend | .34 | .10 | .003 | .01 | .004 | <.001 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for interactiond | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SMHS/SWHS | .83 | |||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SCCS | .08 | .62 | ||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Ischemic Heart Disease | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| Quintile | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| 1 | 13 | 1 [Reference] | 6 | 1 [Reference] | 45 | 1 [Reference] | 121 | 1 [Reference] | 67 | 1 [Reference] | 151 | 1 [Reference] |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 2 | 11 | 0.52 (0.22-1.24) | 7 | 2.27 (0.64-8.10) | 23 | 0.93 (0.56-1.56) | 89 | 0.69 (0.51-0.92) | 50 | 0.78 (0.53-1.16) | 69 | 0.93 (0.70-1.25) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 3 | 9 | 0.62 (0.25-1.51) | 6 | 0.89 (0.23-3.35) | 23 | 0.70 (0.42-1.16) | 88 | 1.00 (0.75-1.34) | 55 | 0.72 (0.48-1.07) | 81 | 0.79 (0.60-1.04) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 4 | 13 | 0.78 (0.34-1.78) | 2 | 0.20 (0.03-1.22) | 41 | 0.97 (0.63-1.49) | 75 | 0.74 (0.54-1.01) | 49 | 0.70 (0.47-1.06) | 92 | 0.68 (0.52-0.89) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| 5 | 3 | 0.18 (0.05-0.68) | 9 | 1.06 (0.28-4.03) | 30 | 0.86 (0.53-1.40) | 79 | 0.71 (0.51-0.98) | 41 | 0.59 (0.37-0.93) | 76 | 0.65 (0.49-0.87) |
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for trend | .07 | .27 | .62 | .10 | .02 | <.001 | ||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| P value for interactiond | ||||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SMHS/SWHS | .17 | |||||||||||
|
| ||||||||||||
| SCCS | .08 | .40 | ||||||||||
Abbreviations: CVD, cardiovascular disease; HR, hazard ratio; SCCS, Southern Community Cohort Study; SMHS, Shanghai Men's Health Study; SWHS, Shanghai Women's Health Study.
Nut/peanut intake quintile (Q) cut-points (grams/day): SMHS/SWHS data: Q1 (<0.14), Q2 (0.14 to <0.72), Q3 (0.72 to <1.45), Q4 (1.45 to <2.54), and Q5 (≥2.54). SCCS data: Total nuts and peanut butter: Q1 (<0.95), Q2 (0.95 to <3.08), Q3 (3.08 to <7.30), Q4 (7.30 to <18.45), and Q5 (≥18.45). Nuts only: Q1 (<0.36), Q2 (0.36 to <0.66), Q3 (0.66 to <4.14), Q4 (4.14 to <8.63), and Q5 (≥8.63). Peanut butter only: Q1 (<0.19), Q2 (0.19 to <0.59), Q3 (0.59 to <2.18), Q4 (2.18 to <6.32), and Q5 (≥6.32). One or more of the following conditions were considered metabolic conditions: history of hypertension or heart disease, diabetes mellitus, BMI of 30 or higher (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared), unspecified dyslipidemia (SMHS and SWHS only), or hypercholesterolemia (SCCS only),
Model adjusted for age, sex, education, occupation, household income, marital status, smoking pack-years, alcohol consumption, (BMI, physical activity, vitamin supplement use, Charlson Comorbidity Index, total energy intake, red meat intake, chicken intake, seafood intake, vegetable intake, and fruit intake.
Model adjusted for age, sex, education, occupation, household income (SMHS) or income per capita (SWHS), smoking status, alcohol consumption (ever/never), BMI, physical activity, regular tea consumption, Charlson Comorbidity Index, total energy intake, red meat intake, chicken/duck intake, seafood intake, vegetable intake, and fruit intake.
P interaction: between nut and peanut butter (SCCS) or peanut (SMHS/SWHS) consumption with metabolic conditions.