Table 2.
List of neural cells generated by directed differentiation of stem cells and lineage conversion of somatic cells
| Initial cell population | Target cell type | Morphogens/Small molecules | Reprogramming factors | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lineage conversion | ||||
| Fibroblasts | Neural crest cells | SOX10 | Kim et al (2011a) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neural stem cells | SOX2 | Ring et al (2012) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neurons | CHIR99021, SB431542 | ASCL1, NGN2 | Ladewig et al (2012) |
| Fibroblasts | Neurons | ASCL1 | Chanda et al (2014) | |
| Pericyte-derived cells | Neurons | SOX2, ASCL1 | Karow et al (2012) | |
| Fibroblasts | Dopaminergic neurons | ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L, LMX1A, FOXA2 | Pfisterer et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Dopaminergic neurons | ASCL1, LMX1A, NURRL | Caiazzo et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Dopaminergic neurons | Lmx1a, Foxa2, Ascl1, Brn2 | Sheng et al (2012a) | |
| Fibroblasts | Dopaminergic neurons | Ascl1, Pitx3, Lmx1a, Nurr1, Foxa2, EN1 | Kim et al (2011b) | |
| Fibroblasts | Dopaminergic neurons | ASCL1, NGN2, SOX2, NURR1, PITX3 | Liu et al (2012c) | |
| Fibroblasts | Glutamatergic Neurons | ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L, NEUROD1 | Pang et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Glutamatergic neurons | BRN2, MYT1L, miR-124 | Ambasudhan et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Glutamatergic neurons | Forskolin, Dorsomorphin | NGN2 | Liu et al (2013a) |
| Fibroblasts | Glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons | ASCL1, MYT1L, NEUROD2, miR-9/9*, miR-124 | Yoo et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Medium spiny neurons | DLX1, DLX2, MYT1L, CTIP2, miR-9/9*, miR-124 | Victor et al (2014) | |
| Fibroblasts | Nociceptor, mechanoreceptor, proprioceptor neurons | Brn3a, Ngn1/2 | Blanchard et al (2015) | |
| Fibroblasts | Nociceptor Neurons | ASCL1, MYT1L, ISL2, KLF7, NGN1 | Wainger et al (2015) | |
| Fibroblasts | Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells | Sox10, Olig2, Zfp536 | Yang et al (2013a) | |
| Fibroblasts | Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells | Olig1, Olig2, Nkx2.2, Nkx6.2, Sox10, ST18, Gm98, Myt1 | Najm et al (2013) | |
| Fibroblasts | Spinal motor neurons | ASCL1, BRN2, MYT1L, NGN2, ISL1, LHX3, NEUROD1 | Son et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Astrocytes | Nfia, Nfib, Sox9 | Caiazzo et al (2015) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neural precursor cells | Brn2, Sox2, FoxG1 | Lujan et al (2012) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neural progenitor cells | VPA, CHIR99021, RepSox | Cheng et al (2014) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neural stem cells | Brn4, Sox2, Klf4, c-Myc, E47 | Han et al (2012) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neural stem cells | Sox2, Klf4,c-Myc, Oct4 | Thier et al (2012) | |
| Sertoli cells | Neural stem cells | Ascl1, Ngn2, Hes1, Id1, Pax6, Brn2, Sox2, c-Myc, Klf4 | Sheng et al (2012b) | |
| Astrocytes | Neuroblasts | Sox2 | Niu et al (2013) | |
| Hepatocytes | Neurons | Ascl1, Brn2, Myt1l | Marro et al (2011) | |
| Fibroblasts | Neurons | PTB repression | Xue et al (2013) | |
| Astrocytes | GABAergic neurons | Ascl1, Dlx2 | Heinrich et al (2010) | |
| Directed differentiation | ||||
| Pluripotent stem cells | Forebrain neuronal precursors | SB431542, LDN189193, N2, B27 | Chambers et al (2009) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Forebrain neurons | SB431542, LDN189193, N2, B27 | Chambers et al (2009) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Telencephalic neurons | N2, B27, IGF1, Heparin, SHH, DKK1, WNT3A, BDNF, GDNF | Li et al (2009) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Forebrain neural cells | Heparin, N2, B27, BDNF, GDNF, IGF1 | Zeng et al (2010) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Cortical neurons | B27, N2, BSA, sodium pyruvate, 2-mercaptoethanol, Noggin, Y27632 | Espuny-Camacho et al (2013) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Granule cerebellar neurons | FGF2, heparin, N2, Glutamax, FGF8, retinoic acid, ITS, FGF4, WNT1, WNT3A, B27, BMP7, BMP6, GDF7, SHH, NT3, JAG1 | Erceg et al (2012) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Hypothalamic neurons | Neurobasal-A, Glutamax, N2, B27, sodium bicarbonate, dibutyryl cyclic AMP, GDNF, BDNF, CNTF | Merkle et al (2015) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Dopaminergic neurons | Heparin, N2, serum replacer, cAMP, ascorbic acid, BDNF, GDNF, SHH, FGF8 | Yan et al (2005) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Dopaminergic neurons | LDN193189, SB431542, SHH C25II, purmorphamine, FGF8, CHIR99021, N2, B27, L-Glut, BDNF, ascorbic acid, GDNF, TGFβ3, dibutyryl cAMP, DAPT | Kriks et al (2011) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Spinal motor neurons | SB431542, LDN189193, N2, B27, retinoic acid, smoothened agonist | Amoroso et al (2013) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Astrocytes | B27, BMP2, BMP4, LIF | Gupta et al (2012) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Astrocytes | EGF, FGF, Glutamax, N2, CNTF | Krencik and Zhang (2011) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Oligodendrocytes | N2, N1, cAMP, biotin, heparin, retinoic acid, SHH, purmorphamine, FGF2, B27, PDGF, IGF, NT3 | Hu et al (2009) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Hippocampal neurons | DKK1, SB431542, Noggin, cyclopamine, N2, B27, Wnt3a, BDNF, FGF2, ascorbic acid, cyclic AMP, fetal bovine serum | Yu et al (2014) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Astrocytes (ventralized) | SB431542, LDN189193, RA, SHH, N2, B27, FGF1, FGF2 | Roybon et al (2013) | |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Basal forebrain cholinergic neurons | RA/SSH/FGF8/BMP9 | Lhx8 & Gbx1 | Bissonnette et al (2011) |
| Pluripotent stem cells | Cortical interneurons | SB431542, LDN189193, XAV939, SHH, purmorphamine, N2, B27 | Maroof et al (2013) | |