Table 2.
Odds Ratios in Multilevel Logistic Regression Analyses of Behavior and Reading Problems in the Spring of Fifth Grade
| T6 Approaches Problems |
T6 Self- Control Problems |
T6 Interpersonal Problems |
T6 Externalizing Problems |
T6 Internalizing Problems |
T6 Reading Problems |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Odds Ratios | ||||||
| T5 reading problems | 1.45 ** | 1.40 * | 1.57 *** | 1.31 * | 1.30 * | 19.69 *** |
| T5 approaches problems | 4.27 *** | 1.49 ** | ||||
| T5 self-control problems | 4.15 *** | 0.68 | ||||
| T5 interpersonal problems |
3.77 *** | 1.10 | ||||
| T5 externalizing problems |
5.50 *** | 1.32 | ||||
| T5 internalizing problems |
2.38 *** | 1.29 | ||||
| T5 math problems | 1.52 *** | 1.23 | 1.38 * | 1.25 | 1.81 *** | 5.14 *** |
| More than 25% Black students |
1.08 | 0.93 | 1.24 | 0.92 | 0.86 | 1.28 |
| More than 25% Hispanic students |
1.05 | 0.89 | 0.91 | 0.92 | 0.76 * | 1.04 |
| % eligible for free lunch | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.00 | 1.01 |
| Gender (male) | 3.08 *** | 2.10 *** | 2.32 *** | 2.66 *** | 1.24 *** | 1.45 *** |
| Age at K entry | 1.05 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 1.08 | 0.96 | 1.08 |
| Mother’s education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1.45 | 0.94 | 1.14 | 0.82 | 0.91 | 2.38 *** |
| High school diploma | 1.30 | 0.99 | 1.23 | 0.97 | 0.94 | 1.88 ** |
| Some college | 1.42 * | 1.06 | 1.14 | 0.95 | 1.02 | 1.39 |
| Father’s education | ||||||
| Less than high school | 1.28 | 1.27 | 1.26 | 1.25 | 1.37 * | 1.57 |
| High school diploma | 1.18 | 1.33 | 1.14 | 1.30 * | 1.20 | 1.57 * |
| Some college | 1.07 | 1.10 | 1.09 | 1.29 * | 1.03 | 1.29 |
| Family below poverty level |
1.02 | 1.26 | 1.08 | 1.04 | 1.14 | 1.59 *** |
| Federal programs | ||||||
| Family received AFDC | 1.07 | 0.66 | 1.06 | 1.08 | 1.34 | 0.99 |
| Family received food stamps |
1.18 | 1.14 | 1.18 | 1.19 | 1.01 | 0.80 |
| WIC during both pregnancy and childhood |
1.04 | 0.94 | 0.92 | 1.00 | 1.18 * | 1.18 |
| WIC during either pregnancy or childhood |
0.96 | 1.04 | 0.85 | 1.12 | 1.19 | 1.06 |
| Head start participation | 1.12 | 1.17 | 1.30 * | 1.05 | 0.93 | 1.05 |
| Race | ||||||
| Black non-Hispanic | 1.40 * | 1.42 * | 1.19 | 1.76 *** | 0.62 *** | 1.47 * |
| Hispanic | 0.94 | 1.16 | 0.94 | 1.15 | 0.81 | 1.13 |
| Asian | 0.51 * | 0.48 * | 0.64 | 0.45 ** | 0.60 ** | 1.46 |
| Other | 1.02 | 1.21 | 1.00 | 1.05 | 0.82 | 1.77 ** |
| Household structure | ||||||
| Single-parent family | 1.35 ** | 1.46 ** | 1.4 ** | 1.63 *** | 1.35 *** | 1.16 |
| Other structure | 1.87 *** | 2.07 *** | 1.73 *** | 1.92 *** | 1.50 *** | 1.09 |
| Number of siblings | 1.08 | 0.70 * | 0.78 | 0.95 | 1.08 | 1.53 ** |
| Home language not English |
1.19 | 1.05 | 1.14 | 0.98 | 0.93 | 1.16 |
| Mother’s age at first birth |
1.17 | 1.30 | 1.06 | 1.32 ** | 1.05 | 1.08 |
| Census region | ||||||
| Midwest | 1.07 | 1.26 | 1.33 | 1.13 | 1.13 | 1.41 * |
| South | 0.94 | 1.21 | 1.13 | 1.05 | 1.11 | 1.13 |
| West | 0.95 | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.14 | 0.97 | 1.24 |
| Urbanicity | ||||||
| Large and mid-size cities |
1.13 | 1.20 | 1.06 | 1.07 | 1.16 | 0.87 |
| Small town and rural | 0.85 | 0.95 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 0.87 | 1.26 |
| Level 2 variance | 0.39 | 0.49 | 0.42 | 0.46 | 0.33 | 0.16 |
Note. T5 = spring of third grade; T6 = spring of fifth grade; Level 1 is student level n = 9,324. Level 2 is school level n = 966. AFDC = Aid to Families with Dependent Children; WIC = Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children; IRT = Item Response Theory.
*
p < .05.
**
p < .01.
***
p < .001.