Table 1.
Characteristics of children with acute otitis media before/after 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation in France
| Child characteristics | Before PCV13 | After PCV13 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|
| n = 3,498 (%) | n = 3,702 (%) | ||
| Male sex | 1,848 (52.8) | 1,982 (53.5) | 0.5 |
| Age (months), mean ± SD | 13.5 ± 5.0 | 13.7 ± 5.0 | 0.05 |
| Median (Q1-Q3) | 12.7 (9.4-17.2) | 13.0 (9.5-17.5) | |
| Type of care | <0.0001 | ||
| Daycare center | 1437 (41.1) | 1784 (48.2) | |
| Childminder | 1099 (31.4) | 1148 (31.0) | |
| Home | 959 (27.4) | 770 (20.8) | |
| Antibiotics 3 months before enrolment | 1652 (47.3) | 1591 (43.0) | <0.0001 |
| Only 1 antibiotic | 1035 (62.7) | 1051 (66.1) | 0.04 |
| At least 2 antibiotics | 617 (37.4) | 539 (33.9) | |
| Cephalosporin | 809 (49.1) | 393 (24.8) | |
| Amoxicillin-clavulanate | 670 (40.7) | 561 (35.4) | <0.0001 |
| Amoxicillin | 116 (7.0) | 598 (37.7) | |
| Others antibiotic | 52 (3.2) | 34 (2.1) | |
| Last antibiotic in | |||
| the previous month | 607 (36.7) | 601 (37.8) | |
| 1 to 2 months | 681 (41.2) | 666 (41.9) | 0.50 |
| 2 to 3 months | 364 (22.0) | 324 (20.4) | |
| Sibling | 1975 (56.5) | 2071 (55.9) | 0.65 |
| Conjunctivitis | 886 (25.3) | 1062 (28.7) | 0.001 |
| Otalgia | 2595 (74.3) | 2686 (72.6) | 0.1 |
| Fever (≥38.5 °C) | 2061 (59.4) | 2052 (55.9) | 0.003 |
| Otalgia + fever ≥38.5 °C | 1564 (44.7) | 1543 (41.7) | 0.009 |
| Bilaterala | 492/900 (54.7) | 1858 (50.2) | 0.02 |
| History of AOMb | 1005/1793 (56.1) | 2047 (55.3) | 0.6 |
| Otitis-prone childrenb | 349/1793 (19.5) | 651 (17.6) | 0.09 |
| Pnc carriage | 2026 (57.9) | 2007 (54.2) | 0.002 |
| Hi carriage | 1686 (48.2) | 1938 (52.4) | <0.0001 |
adata not available in 2006/2008, bdata not available in 2006/2007
AOM: Acute Otitis Media; PCV13: 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine; Q1-Q3, quartiles 1 to 3; Pnc: pneumococcus; Hi: H. influenzae