Figure 3.

Effect of caffeine exposure on the length and weight of long bones. (a) The length of the vertebral column was measured from the DXA image as indicated in the right panel. (b) Mean lengths and (c) weights of femurs and tibiae measured from the control and caffeine-fed groups. (d) Representative pictures of leg bones dissected from the control and caffeine-fed groups. Femurs and tibiae are placed in the upper and lower panel, respectively. From the left in order, leg bones representing each group are designated as CT, CF1 and CF2. CT, control; CF1, caffeine 120 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹; CF2, caffeine 180 mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹.Values are expressed as mean ± SD. ***P < 0.001 vs. CT; ^†P < 0.05, ^††P < 0.01, CF1 vs. CF2.