Table 2.
Test-Retest Means, SD, Mean Difference Scores, and Test-Retest Reliability
| Index/Subtest | Younger Group | Older Group | Test- Retest Reliability | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Time 1 Mean (SD) | Time 2 Mean (SD) | Mean Change | Time 1 Mean (SD) | Time 2 Mean (SD) | Mean Change | ||
| Intelligence | |||||||
| Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition | |||||||
| Full Scale IQ | 86.94 (17.40) | 86.71 (16.84) | −0.23 | 83.67 (16.06) | 84.56 (14.86) | 0.89 | 0.92 |
| Verbal Comprehension Index | 92.06 (16.06) | 91.00 (15.91) | −1.06 | 90.52 (17.80) | 88.63 (13.83) | −1.89 | 0.88 |
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | 90.89 (14.55) | 93.57 (17.08) | 2.68 | 87.11 (14.72) | 88.67 (13.73) | 1.56 | 0.78 |
| Working Memory Index | 85.23 (17.71) | 82.31 (14.37) | −2.92 | 85.70 (20.03) | 88.41 (19.28) | 2.71 | 0.80 |
| Processing Speed Index | 89.37 (16.02) | 87.91 (16.02) | −1.46 | 83.78 (14.46) | 84.22 (12.46) | 0.44 | 0.76 |
| Similarities | 9.29 (3.39) | 9.29 (3.13) | 0.00 | 8.63 (2.95) | 8.26 (2.44) | −0.37 | 0.82 |
| Vocabulary | 8.21 (3.07) | 8.18 (3.40) | −0.03 | 8.52 (3.82) | 8.41 (3.19) | −0.11 | 0.87 |
| Comprehension | 8.06 (2.98) | 8.09 (2.80) | 0.03 | 7.78 (3.12) | 7.56 (2.68) | −0.22 | 0.71 |
| Word Reasoning | 9.19 (3.30) | 9.00 (3.44) | −0.19 | 8.92 (3.35) | 9.08 (3.43) | 0.16 | 0.78 |
| Block Design | 8.18 (2.96) | 9.18 (3.14) | 1.00* | 6.89 (2.47) | 7.78 (2.90) | 0.89** | 0.79 |
| Picture Concepts | 8.94 (3.42) | 9.44 (3.17) | 0.50 | 9.04 (3.24) | 8.22 (3.07) | −0.82 | 0.54 |
| Matrix Reasoning | 8.26 (2.85) | 8.18 (3.57) | −0.08 | 7.78 (2.85) | 8.44 (2.49) | 0.66 | 0.51 |
| Digit Span | 7.68 (3.52) | 7.71 (3.18) | 0.03 | 7.96 (3.76) | 8.56 (3.94) | 0.60 | 0.73 |
| Letter-Number Sequencing | 6.76 (3.55) | 6.09 (3.22) | −0.67 | 7.19 (4.19) | 7.48 (3.98) | 0.29 | 0.69 |
| Coding | 7.15 (3.12) | 7.09 (3.03) | −0.06 | 6.81 (3.18) | 6.81 (2.79) | 0.00 | 0.76 |
| Symbol Search | 8.75 (3.79) | 8.41 (3.29) | −0.34 | 6.93 (3.09) | 7.59 (2.72) | 0.66 | 0.61 |
| Cancellation | 10.25 (2.72) | 10.03 (2.78) | −0.22 | 8.88 (2.79) | 9.24 (3.14) | 0.36 | 0.73 |
| Memory | |||||||
| Children’s Memory Scale | |||||||
| Visual Immediate | 91.45 (13.45) | 93.24 (14.92) | 1.79 | 90.30 (12.97) | 100.15 (14.08) | 9.85* | 0.53 |
| Visual Delayed | 89.53 (13.61) | 97.00 (15.00) | 7.47* | 87.15 (13.84) | 98.56 (15.43) | 11.41* | 0.54 |
| Verbal Immediate | 87.67 (23.07) | 89.82 (25.96) | 2.15 | 88.41 (22.29) | 94.07 (22.59) | 5.66* | 0.90 |
| Verbal Delayed | 82.50 (22.40) | 88.38 (22.97) | 5.88** | 87.78 (22.30) | 95.85 (21.28) | 8.07* | 0.83 |
| General Memory | 85.31 (22.45) | 89.47 (23.66) | 4.16 | 83.92 (21.08) | 96.54 (22.37) | 12.62* | 0.85 |
| Attention/Concentration | 91.86 (21.66) | 89.00 (20.70) | −2.86 | 90.40 (16.80) | 89.76 (18.73) | −0.64 | 0.89 |
| Learning | 89.55 (18.12) | 91.45 (19.00) | 1.90 | 86.52 (13.88) | 94.52 (17.97) | 8.00* | 0.69 |
| Delayed Recognition | 91.25 (21.42) | 87.00 (19.26) | −4.25 | 89.26 (22.91) | 93.22 (18.39) | 3.96 | 0.66 |
| Dot Locations - Learning | 9.18 (2.89) | 9.18 (3.32) | 0.00 | 7.92 (2.48) | 9.58 (2.89) | 1.66** | 0.19 |
| Dot Locations - Total Score | 9.48 (2.92) | 9.70 (3.39) | 0.22 | 8.33 (2.63) | 10.04 (2.65) | 1.71** | 0.21 |
| Dot Locations - Short Delay | 10.00 (3.10) | 10.48 (2.82) | 0.48 | 8.88 (2.73) | 10.08 (2.66) | 1.20 | 0.15 |
| Dot Locations - Long Delay | 9.41 (3.00) | 10.78 (2.57) | 1.37** | 8.56 (2.79) | 9.70 (3.04) | 1.14 | 0.17 |
| Stories - Immediate | 8.88 (3.70) | 8.79 (4.34) | −0.09 | 8.56 (3.81) | 9.93 (4.09) | 1.37* | 0.82 |
| Stories - Delayed | 8.34 (4.24) | 8.56 (4.33) | 0.22 | 8.11 (4.42) | 9.52 (4.20) | 1.41** | 0.83 |
| Stories - Delayed Recognition | 9.12 (3.78) | 7.81 (2.79) | −1.31** | 7.92 (4.44) | 8.92 (3.76) | 1.00 | 0.60 |
| Faces - Immediate | 7.73 (2.96) | 8.12 (2.74) | 0.39 | 8.48 (3.09) | 10.00 (3.14) | 1.52** | 0.52 |
| Faces - Delayed | 7.19 (2.76) | 8.25 (3.40) | 1.06** | 7.26 (3.35) | 9.85 (3.39) | 2.59* | 0.56 |
| Word Pairs - Immediate | 7.52 (3.65) | 8.64 (4.15) | 1.12** | 8.32 (3.68) | 7.60 (3.65) | −0.72 | 0.71 |
| Word Pairs - Learning | 7.42 (4.48) | 8.06 (4.51) | 0.64 | 7.46 (4.09) | 8.31 (4.01) | 0.85 | 0.82 |
| Word Pairs - Total Score | 7.12 (4.20) | 7.91 (4.73) | 0.79 | 7.67 (4.09) | 8.19 (3.98) | 0.52 | 0.82 |
| Word Pairs - Long Delay | 5.97 (3.85) | 7.66 (3.79) | 1.69** | 7.93 (3.75) | 9.11 (3.69) | 1.18** | 0.60 |
| Word Pairs - Delayed Recognition | 8.06 (4.09) | 8.28 (4.18) | 0.22 | 8.27 (4.14) | 8.73 (3.54) | 0.46 | 0.68 |
| Numbers - Total Score | 8.53 (3.84) | 7.87 (3.30) | −0.66 | 7.88 (3.18) | 7.60 (3.70) | −0.28 | 0.79 |
| Sequences - Total Score | 8.45 (3.80) | 8.23 (3.79) | −0.22 | 8.92 (2.97) | 9.04 (3.12) | 0.12 | 0.84 |
| Family Pictures - Immediate | 9.57 (3.09) | 9.73 (3.03) | 0.16 | 9.21 (3.18) | 10.21 (2.75) | 1.00 | 0.52 |
| Family Pictures - Delayed | 9.28 (3.25) | 9.21 (3.06) | −0.07 | 9.50 (3.40) | 9.88 (3.42) | 0.38 | 0.57 |
| Word List - Learning | 7.75 (5.37) | 6.96 (3.93) | −0.79 | 6.14 (2.88) | 6.77 (3.28) | 0.63 | 0.62 |
| Word List - Delayed | 6.67 (3.53) | 6.74 (3.46) | 0.07 | 6.41 (3.33) | 6.82 (3.62) | 0.41 | 0.57 |
| Word List - Delayed Recognition | 7.74 (3.81) | 5.89 (3.25) | −1.85* | 6.68 (3.21) | 7.23 (3.69) | 0.55 | 0.44 |
| Language | |||||||
| Expressive One-Word Picture Vocabulary | |||||||
| 96.59 (17.49) | 97.06 (16.50) | 0.47 | 93.68 (16.08) | 94.48 (19.41) | 0.80 | 0.86 | |
| Visuospatial | |||||||
| Test of Visual Perceptual Skills | |||||||
| Visual Discrimination | 7.33 (3.08) | 6.89 (2.81) | −0.44 | 5.82 (3.03) | 6.50 (3.22) | 0.68 | 0.48 |
| Visual Memory | 7.07 (4.12) | 7.48 (3.27) | 0.41 | 4.77 (3.44) | 6.45 (3.08) | 1.68 | 0.16 |
| Spatial Relations | 9.52 (4.42) | 9.81 (4.29) | 0.29 | 8.14 (3.31) | 7.77 (3.89) | −0.37 | 0.45 |
| Visual Motor Integration | 89.77 (10.01) | 88.20 (11.18) | −1.57 | 85.11 (12.36) | 84.96 (14.28) | −0.15 | 0.70 |
| Executive Functioning | |||||||
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | |||||||
| Categories Completed | 3.75 (1.62) | 4.79 (1.53) | 1.04** | 3.80 (1.83) | 4.60 (1.63) | 0.80** | 0.32 |
| Total Errors | 89.92 (13.10) | 95.71 (15.23) | 5.79 | 85.91 (12.00) | 94.00 (17.21) | 8.09** | 0.48 |
| Perseverative Responses | 93.08 (14.35) | 98.50 (13.51) | 5.42 | 87.22 (14.81) | 97.04 (18.06) | 9.82* | 0.50 |
| Delis-Kaplan Executive Function System | |||||||
| Tower Test | |||||||
| Total Achievement | 9.24 (2.20) | 10.71 (2.20) | 1.47* | 7.45 (3.24) | 9.90 (3.63) | 2.45* | 0.67 |
| Move Accuracy Ratio | 8.47 (3.56) | 9.53 (2.27) | 1.06 | 9.05 (2.70) | 9.60 (2.39) | 0.55 | 0.66 |
| Rule Violations Per Item Ratio | 8.06 (3.03) | 10.41 (1.18) | 2.35* | 8.65 (2.21) | 10.10 (1.07) | 1.45** | 0.42 |
| Verbal Fluency | |||||||
| Letter Fluency | 8.67 (2.93) | 8.39 (3.40) | −0.28 | 7.77 (2.84) | 8.82 (3.38) | 1.05** | 0.74 |
| Category Fluency | 10.11 (3.23) | 9.94 (3.62) | −0.17 | 8.86 (3.71) | 9.23 (3.70) | 0.37 | 0.63 |
| Category Switching Total Correct | 10.00 (3.18) | 9.44 (3.05) | −0.56 | 8.82 (2.94) | 9.14 (3.06) | 0.32 | 0.51 |
| Category Switching Accuracy | 10.11 (3.16) | 9.83 (2.31) | −0.28 | 8.86 (2.59) | 9.56 (2.58) | 0.70 | 0.53 |
| Set-Loss Errors | 9.78 (2.88) | 11.00 (1.94) | 1.22 | 10.45 (2.04) | 11.45 (1.74) | 1.00** | 0.30 |
| Repetition Errors | 7.28 (2.05) | 6.89 (2.25) | −0.39 | 7.32 (2.68) | 7.64 (2.01) | 0.32 | 0.14 |
| Trails | |||||||
| Visual Scanning | 10.33 (2.64) | 10.11 (3.23) | −0.22 | 9.77 (2.53) | 10.50 (2.41) | 0.73 | 0.48 |
| Number Sequencing | 7.94 (3.57) | 9.56 (3.45) | 1.62 | 8.50 (2.96) | 8.59 (2.67) | 0.09 | 0.17 |
| Letter Sequencing | 7.78 (4.01) | 8.28 (4.10) | 0.50 | 8.41 (3.38) | 8.14 (4.04) | −0.27 | 0.68 |
| Number-Letter Switching | 7.06 (4.33) | 8.00 (4.56) | 0.94 | 6.86 (4.28) | 7.64 (3.53) | 0.78 | 0.73 |
| Motor Speed | 10.00 (2.03) | 10.00 (2.57) | 0.00 | 8.45 (3.16) | 8.91 (2.93) | 0.46 | 0.43 |
| Total Errors | 8.56 (4.32) | 10.12 (2.28) | 1.56** | 8.95 (3.63) | 10.50 (1.44) | 1.55 | 0.46 |
| Academic Achievement | |||||||
| Woodcock Johnson | |||||||
| Broad Reading | 98.83 (21.65) | 97.04 (19.70) | −1.79 | 92.76 (15.68) | 95.84 (17.51) | 3.08* | 0.95 |
| Broad Math | 94.58 (15.53) | 95.42 (15.19) | 0.84 | 93.30 (17.60) | 89.78 (14.96) | −3.52** | 0.87 |
| Broad Written Language | 97.65 (21.13) | 97.00 (18.61) | −0.65 | 99.74 (14.10) | 100.26 (14.07) | 0.52 | 0.91 |
| Academic Fluency | 94.36 (20.79) | 95.16 (20.72) | 0.80 | 91.92 (16.26) | 95.12 (17.60) | 3.20* | 0.90 |
| Letter-Word Identification | 99.00 (18.44) | 95.00 (18.19) | −4.00* | 95.15 (13.52) | 95.96 (11.17) | 0.81 | 0.91 |
| Reading Fluency | 97.96 (22.48) | 98.36 (23.41) | 0.40 | 93.46 (15.98) | 97.96 (19.71) | 4.50* | 0.90 |
| Calculations | 94.25 (16.11) | 95.71 (13.17) | 1.46 | 93.56 (17.88) | 87.96 (16.07) | −5.60** | 0.74 |
| Math Fluency | 85.32 (16.59) | 85.92 (19.53) | 0.60 | 89.96 (17.93) | 91.00 (17.30) | 1.04 | 0.85 |
| Spelling | 96.41 (20.96) | 96.37 (19.17) | −0.04 | 102.36 (14.36) | 102.72 (15.33) | 0.36 | 0.92 |
| Writing Fluency | 96.38 (19.80) | 94.62 (18.38) | −1.76 | 94.84 (15.17) | 95.32 (13.37) | 0.48 | 0.79 |
| Passage Comprehension | 94.59 (17.28) | 91.59 (15.45) | −3.00** | 90.42 (13.59) | 90.19 (12.59) | −0.23 | 0.88 |
| Applied Problems | 95.31 (17.27) | 95.85 (17.16) | 0.54 | 93.80 (15.15) | 91.40 (12.46) | −2.40 | 0.83 |
| Writing Samples | 96.88 (15.99) | 98.96 (16.19) | 2.08 | 93.84 (14.85) | 93.92 (15.49) | 0.08 | 0.69 |
| Word Attack | 98.26 (15.61) (16.00) | 96.22 (13.49) | −2.04 | 98.12 (10.21) | 95.85 (7.58) | −2.27 | 0.85 |
| Punctuation and Capitalization | 87.58 (19.43) | 84.31 (22.32) | −3.27 | 85.26 (21.11) | 88.87 (19.18) | 3.61 | 0.71 |
*
p < 0.01,
**
p < 0.05