Table 4.
Regression Equations for Neuropsychological Measures
| Domain / Measure | R | SEest | C | Bbaseline | Bage | Bonset | Btestinterval |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Intelligence | |||||||
| Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children – Fourth Edition | |||||||
| Full Scale IQ | .916 | 6.537 | 12.299 | .858 | |||
| Verbal Comprehension Index | .873 | 7.402 | 18.519 | .781 | |||
| Perceptual Reasoning Index | .790 | 9.916 | 15.837 | .847 | |||
| Working Memory Index | .813 | 10.035 | 23.765 | .723 | |||
| Processing Speed Index | .769 | 9.531 | 21.854 | .737 | |||
| Processing Speed Index w/ Modifier (4%) | .797 | 9.087 | 28.281 | .731 | −.493 | ||
| Similarities | .826 | 1.627 | 2.224 | .727 | |||
| Vocabulary | .869 | 1.669 | 1.167 | .852 | |||
| Comprehension | .687 | 1.973 | 3.060 | .613 | |||
| Word Reading | .788 | 2.125 | 1.715 | .804 | |||
| Block Design | .788 | 1.906 | 1.997 | .858 | |||
| Picture Concepts | .536 | 2.681 | 4.393 | .501 | |||
| Picture Concepts w/ Modifier (5%) | .581 | 2.608 | 7.261 | .490 | −.270 | ||
| Matrix Reasoning | .534 | 2.716 | 3.580 | .589 | |||
| Digit Span | .730 | 2.538 | 2.500 | .720 | |||
| Letter-Number Sequencing | .695 | 2.559 | 2.491 | .623 | |||
| Coding | .754 | 1.904 | 2.049 | .693 | |||
| Symbol Search | .649 | 2.367 | 3.504 | .565 | |||
| Symbol Search w/ Modifier (5%) | .687 | 2.285 | 4.853 | .559 | −.107 | ||
| Cancellation | .705 | 2.075 | 2.628 | .733 | |||
| Memory | |||||||
| Children’s Memory Scale | |||||||
| Visual Immediate | .525 | 12.238 | 45.132 | .566 | |||
| Visual Immediate w/ Modifier (7%) | .585 | 11.770 | 31.308 | .559 | 1.404 | ||
| Visual Delayed | .569 | 12.400 | 42.511 | .628 | |||
| Verbal Immediate | .897 | 10.673 | 8.967 | .943 | |||
| Verbal Delayed | .822 | 12.764 | 23.078 | .806 | |||
| General Memory | .854 | 11.875 | 17.395 | .891 | |||
| General Memory w/ Modifier (2%) | .867 | 11.501 | 4.532 | .888 | 1.266 | ||
| Attention/Concentration | .900 | 8.752 | 8.223 | .896 | |||
| Learning | .699 | 13.147 | 25.044 | .773 | |||
| Delayed Recognition | .685 | 13.663 | 38.397 | .586 | |||
| Stories - Immediate | .823 | 2.385 | 1.344 | .913 | |||
| Stories - Delayed | .843 | 2.261 | 2.318 | .802 | |||
| Stories - Delayed Recognition | .535 | 2.786 | 4.585 | .447 | |||
| Stories - Delayed Recognition w/ Modifier (6%) | .590 | 2.689 | 1.055 | .480 | .314 | ||
| Faces - Immediate | .432 | 2.430 | 5.798 | .398 | |||
| Faces - Delayed | .501 | 2.837 | 4.985 | .557 | |||
| Word Pairs - Immediate | .687 | 2.877 | 2.317 | .733 | |||
| Word Pairs - Immediate w/ Modifier (8%) | .743 | 2.676 | 6.407 | .761 | −.419 | ||
| Word Pairs - Learning | .828 | 2.404 | 2.106 | .825 | |||
| Word Pairs - Total | .821 | 2.512 | 1.700 | .866 | |||
| Word Pairs - Long Delay | .607 | 3.074 | 4.222 | .594 | |||
| Word Pairs - Delayed Recognition | .701 | 2.753 | 3.373 | .652 | |||
| Numbers – Total Score | .794 | 2.147 | 1.448 | .769 | |||
| Sequences – Total Score | .851 | 1.887 | 1.354 | .856 | |||
| Family Pictures - Immediate | .527 | 2.485 | 5.475 | .481 | |||
| Family Pictures - Delayed | .591 | 2.581 | 4.337 | .560 | |||
| Word List - Learning | .594 | 2.879 | 3.521 | .468 | |||
| Word List - Delayed | .553 | 2.929 | 2.988 | .577 | |||
| Language | |||||||
| Expressive One Word Picture Vocabulary | |||||||
| .851 | 9.316 | 11.825 | .885 | ||||
| Visuospatial | |||||||
| Visual-Motor Integration | .701 | 9.419 | 17.028 | .789 | |||
| Executive Functioning | |||||||
| Wisconsin Card Sorting Test | |||||||
| Perseverative Responses | .487 | 14.170 | 52.027 | .516 | |||
| Delis-Kaplan Executive Functioning System | |||||||
| Tower Test | |||||||
| Total Achievement | .669 | 2.279 | 4.564 | .678 | |||
| Total Achievement w/ Modifier (9% & 12%) | .812 | 1.846 | −1.160 | .797 | .304 | .228 | |
| Move Accuracy Ratio | .661 | 1.784 | 5.307 | .488 | |||
| Verbal Fluency | |||||||
| Letter Fluency | .748 | 2.258 | 1.578 | .874 | |||
| Category Fluency | .640 | 2.664 | 3.239 | .703 | |||
| Category Switching Correct | .474 | 2.495 | 5.311 | .435 | |||
| Category Switching Accuracy | .451 | 1.958 | 6.568 | .348 | |||
| Trails | |||||||
| Letter Sequencing | .618 | 3.061 | 2.559 | .695 | |||
| Number-Letter Switching | .761 | 2.630 | 2.816 | .746 | |||
| Academic | |||||||
| Woodcock Johnson – Third Edition | |||||||
| Broad Reading | .953 | 5.807 | 7.742 | .927 | |||
| Broad Reading w/ Modifier (1%) | .957 | 5.600 | −.981 | .945 | .656 | ||
| Broad Math | .864 | 7.907 | 16.242 | .818 | |||
| Broad Math w/ Modifier (3%) | .880 | 7.551 | 27.636 | .807 | −.998 | ||
| Broad Written Language | .912 | 7.122 | 15.850 | .840 | |||
| Academic Fluency | .899 | 8.639 | 9.308 | .923 | |||
| Letter-Word Identification | .904 | 6.588 | 14.424 | .835 | |||
| Reading Fluency | .903 | .811 | 3.366 | .993 | |||
| Calculation | .733 | 10.313 | 30.876 | .652 | |||
| Calculation w/ Modifier (4.1%) | .761 | 9.962 | 44.585 | .639 | −1.183 | ||
| Math Fluency | .840 | 10.266 | 8.552 | .912 | |||
| Spelling | .923 | 7.042 | 11.014 | .889 | |||
| Writing Fluency | .798 | 9.940 | 24.469 | .738 | |||
| Passage Comprehension | .873 | 6.993 | 17.549 | .791 | |||
| Applied Problems | .830 | .681 | 18.958 | .793 | |||
| Writing Samples | .706 | 11.163 | 29.876 | .708 | |||
| Word Attack | .854 | 5.924 | 26.723 | .707 | |||
| Punctuation and Capitals | .713 | 14.938 | 23.861 | .725 | |||
Results are only reported for cognitive measures with test-retest reliabilities above .50. Numbers in parentheses after equations with modifiers represent the percent of variance accounted for by that particular modifier. R = reliability coefficient; SEest = standard error of the estimate; C = constant; Bbaseline = unstandardized beta (slope) for baseline test score; Bage = age at baseline testing; Bonset = age at recurrent seizure onset; Btestinterval = interval between baseline and repeat testing measured in months.