Table 2.
Novel formulations to improve the delivery and anticancer effect of tocotrienols alone and in combination with other drugs.
| Formulation | Cancer model | Effect | IC50 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unilamellar TRF-vesicles bearing transferrin | A431 (epidermoid carcinoma), T98G (glioblastoma), and A2780 (ovarian carcinoma) cells, A431 cells implanted in BALB/c mice | Threefold higher TRF uptake and more than 100-fold improved cytotoxicity in vitro, tumor regression, and improvement of animal survival | Ranging from 0.05 ± 0.02 to 1.42 ± 0.30 µg/mL depending on the cell line | [78] |
|
| ||||
| Multilamellar TRF-vesicles bearing transferrin | A431 human epidermoid carcinoma, T98G human glioblastoma, B16-F10 mouse melanoma cells, and A431 or B16-F10-luc-G5 tumors in BALB/c mice | Improved TRF uptake and cytotoxicity in vitro, slower growth of A431 and B16-F10 tumors, and long-term survival of 100% of the animals | Ranging from 0.89 ± 0.11 to 4.09 ± 0.65 μg/mL depending on the cell line | [79] |
|
| ||||
| Lipid nanoemulsions loaded with TRF and Simvastatin | MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells | Decrease of TRF IC50 | Decreased from 14 to 10 μM in MCF-7 and from 7 to 4.8 μM in MDA-MB-231 cells when Simvastatin was added | [84] |
|
| ||||
| Nanoemulsified formulation of T3-rich palm oil (Tocomin-NE) | Human cutaneous carcinoma in vitro | Increased cytotoxicity | Tocomin-NE 42.6 ± 3.8 mM and 47.3 ± 3.2 mM, Tocomin control 217.4 mM and 278.5 mM in A431 cells and SCC-4 cells, respectively |
[85] |
|
| ||||
| EPI-NPs coadministered with tocotrienols | Hep G2 (HCC) cells in vitro, HCC mouse model in Albino mice | Enhanced antiproliferative effect in vitro, enhanced apoptosis, and reduced VEGF level in vivo | Free EPI viability >90% EPI-NPs 0.9 μg/mL, EPI-NPs tocotrienols 2 μg/mL |
[86] |
Tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF), Epirubicin (EPI), nanoparticles (NPs), and Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).