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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neural Eng. 2015 May 6;12(3):036010. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/3/036010

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Biceps EMG during arm rotation in a child with hypertonic arm dystonia (A) created based on the data in van Doornik et al. (2009). When the subject was instructed to rest, the right arm was rotated manually by the experimenter following approximately a sinusoidal time profile with frequency varying from 0.2 Hz up to 2 Hz. The biceps showed phasic EMG responses to the manual stretch. In the emulation, the virtual joint was passively rotated with the identical waveform under two models of dystonia. The voluntary command is set to zero to represent the subject being “at rest”. In the TONIC model (B), the EMG is not silent when the joint is passively rotated and shows similar phasic patterns as the human EMG recording. In the HI-GAIN model (C), similar non-silent EMG responses are observed with increased magnitude in phasic response.