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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2016 Jun 1.
Published in final edited form as: J Neural Eng. 2015 May 6;12(3):036010. doi: 10.1088/1741-2560/12/3/036010

Figure 7.

Figure 7

Relaxation of muscle activity from a state of co-contraction in biceps and triceps in a normal subject and a patient with secondary dystonia (A), created based on the data in Ghez et al. (1988). Subjects were first required to maximally co-contract the biceps and triceps muscles and upon a visual cue relax the muscle as fast as possible. The duration for muscle relaxation in the patient with secondary dystonia (right) was elongated compared to the normal subject (left). In emulation (B), both TONIC and HI-GAIN models showed delayed EMG relaxation compared with the non-impaired condition, when the voluntary descending command that co-contracts biceps and triceps were abruptly shut off. Single representative trials are shown.