Table 1.
Demographic characteristics of participants, by gender (N = 173).
| Characteristics | Men (n = 64) |
Women (n = 109) |
P |
|---|---|---|---|
| M ± SD or f (%) | |||
| Age, years | 53.59 ± 8.02 | 51.04 ± 6.97 | 0.029 |
| Marital status, %† | |||
| Single | 2 (3.1) | 25 (22.9) | 0.050 |
| Married | 57 (89.1) | 84 (77.1) | |
| Widowed | 5 (7.8) | 0 (0) | |
| Education level, %† | <0.001 | ||
| No education | 0 (0) | 1 (0.9) | |
| Primary | 0 (0) | 10 (9.2) | |
| Secondary | 29 (45.3) | 70 (64.2) | |
| Tertiary | 35 (54.7) | 28 (25.7) | |
| Occupation, %† | 0.973 | ||
| Full-time | 37 (57.8) | 56 (51.4) | |
| Part-time | 1 (1.6) | 9 (8.3) | |
| Unemployed | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Housewife | 0 (0) | 30 (27.5) | |
| Retired | 24 (37.5) | 14 (12.8) | |
| Medication use, % | |||
| Antidiabetic | 0.489 | ||
| Yes | 10 (15.6) | 13 (11.9) | |
| No | 54 (84.4) | 96 (88.1) | |
| Antihypertensive | 0.118 | ||
| Yes | 14 (21.9) | 36 (33.0) | |
| No | 50 (78.1) | 73 (67.0) | |
| Lipid lowering | 0.146 | ||
| Yes | 6 (9.4) | 19 (17.4) | |
| No | 58 (90.6) | 90 (82.6) | |
| Smoking, %† | <0.001 | ||
| Current | 3 (4.7) | 0 (0) | |
| Quitted | 10 (15.6) | 1 (0.9) | |
| Never | 51 (79.7) | 108 (99.1) | |
| Alcohol intake, %† | 0.004 | ||
| Quitted | 2 (3.1) | 0 (0) | |
| Never | 18 (28.1) | 55 (50.5) | |
| Sometimes | 40 (62.5) | 52 (47.7) | |
| Always | 4 (6.3) | 2 (1.8) | |
| Physical activity level, MET-minutes/week | 1450.86 ± 918.85 | 1936.63 ± 1926.52 | 0.041 |
| HRQoL | |||
| Physical function (PF) | 91.09 ± 10.96 | 85.00 ± 11.30 | 0.001 |
| Role physical (RP) | 88.67 ± 23.12 | 81.64 ± 29.59 | 0.085 |
| Bodily pain (BP) | 70.55 ± 21.35 | 64.52 ± 20.70 | 0.065 |
| General health perceptions (GH) | 60.16 ± 11.41 | 61.24 ± 12.25 | 0.566 |
| Physical component score (PCS) | 310.47 ± 47.30 | 292.31 ± 56.03 | 0.031 |
| Vitality (VT) | 69.14 ± 13.99 | 64.45 ± 16.82 | 0.050 |
| Social functioning (SF) | 87.89 ± 14.26 | 85.21 ± 18.72 | 0.290 |
| Role emotional (RE) | 85.42 ± 29.02 | 78.59 ± 34.10 | 0.164 |
| General mental Health (MH) | 78.06 ± 12.75 | 75.71 ± 14.74 | 0.288 |
| Mental component score (MCS) | 320.51 ± 53.10 | 303.96 ± 70.87 | 0.083 |
| Body measurements | |||
| SBP, mmHg | 132.52 ± 18.21 | 129.11 ± 18.69 | 0.244 |
| DBP, mmHg | 79.56 ± 11.01 | 78.57 ± 11.41 | 0.576 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 24.83 ± 3.65 | 25.37 ± 4.08 | 0.388 |
| Outcome measures | |||
| Cardiorespiratory endurance | |||
| Resting heart rate, bpm | 67.17 ± 9.14 | 69.88 ± 9.53 | 0.069 |
| VO2max, mL/kg/min | 32.97 ± 6.71 | 25.50 ± 5.01 | <0.001 |
| Muscular strength and endurance | |||
| Curl-ups, times | 21.25 ± 5.50 | 20.18 ± 5.19 | 0.204 |
| Push-ups, times | 8.17 ± 8.09 | 1.84 ± 3.83 | <0.001 |
| Flexibility | |||
| MBS left leg, cm | 44.34 ± 13.15 | 51.85 ± 9.62 | <0.001 |
| MBS right leg, cm | 44.30 ± 13.71 | 51.63 ± 9.89 | <0.001 |
The total percentage may not add up exactly to 100% due to rounding.
BMI: body mass index; DBP: diastolic blood pressure; HRQoL: health-related quality of life; MBS: the modified back-saver sit-and-reach test; SBP: systolic blood pressure; VO2max: maximal oxygen uptake.
†Variables were regrouped for analyses as follows: marital status (single + widowed versus married), education level (No education + primary + secondary versus tertiary), occupation (full-time + part-time versus unemployed + housewife + retired), smoking (current + quitted versus never), and alcohol intake (quitted + sometimes + always versus never).